L4: Healthcare Strategies

• Primary Health Care:

  • a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centered on the needs and preferences of individuals, families and communities
  • addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and wellbeing
  • Recognizes that health outcomes are influenced by a wide range of factors beyond just health care services that should be addressed
• Primary Health Care:

  • provides whole-person care for health needs throughout the lifespan
  • Rooted in a commitment to social justice and equity and in the recognition of the fundamental right to the highest attainable standard of health
  • Everyone has access to essential health services & resources without discrimination^^^
• 3 components of Primary Health Care:

  • Multisectoral Policy & Action
  • Integrated Health Services
  • Empowered People & Communities
  • enables health systems to support a person’s health needs –from health promotion to disease prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, palliative care and more.
• Elements of PHC

  • All these basic requirements are incorporated in the SDGs for 2030 from goal 2 to goal 4
  • E: ensure safe water supply
  • L: locally endemic disease control
  • E: education/expanded programs on immunization
  • M: maternal and child health
  • E: environmental sanitation
  • N: nutritional services
  • T: treatment of minor ailments
  • S: school health services
• PHC Strategies

  • preventive
  • curative
  • promotive
  • rehabilitative
  • palliative
• Preventive strategy

  • aims to maintain and improve health by keeping people from falling ill in the first place, diagnosing illnesses earlier, and preventing further morbidity
• Curative strategy

  • Aims to restore and maintain health by treating people when they do fall ill
• Promotive strategy

  • Aims to create living conditions that are conducive to good health. These include educational, organizational, economic, and environmental support systems
• Rehabilitative strategy

  • Aims to optimize functioning and reduce disability in individuals with health conditions, including impairments, limitations, and restriction
• Palliative strategy

  • Aims to bring comfort and relief to patients from serious, progressive illnesses to maintain quality of life and reduce suffering and deterioration
• Promotive strategy

  • Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health
  • Aim: to get individuals to positively influence their own and others' health
• 4 common approaches of Promotive strategy

  • health education
  • environmental modifications
  • nutritional interventins
  • lifestyle and behavioral changes
• Health education (promotive strategy)

  • One of the potent methodologies for information dissemination.
  • It promotes the partnership of both the family members and health workers in the promotion of health as well as prevention of illness
• Environmental modifications (promotive strategy)

  • any deliberate or inadvertent change to any component of the environment by human action, intended or not, that has an impacton health, both positive or negative.
  • These changes include: physical, chemical & biological factors ofthe environment
• Environmental modifications (promotive strategy)

  Pre-requisites for good health

  • health-supportive cities and built environments
  • clean air
  • adequate water
  • sanitation and hygiene
  • healthy and safe workplaces
  • sound agricultural practices
  • stable climate
• Environmental modifications (promotive strategy)

  It includes initiatives such as:

  • Creating safe walking & biking paths
  • Reducing Air & Water Pollution (Implementing Smoke-FreePolicies, installation of Sanitary latrines, etc.)
  • Improving Access to healthy foods in communities
  • Provision of Safe Water
  • Improvement of housing
  • Control of Insects & Rodent
• Nutritional intervention (promotive strategy)

  • Nutrition is a foundation for health and well-being for all, leaving no one behind, and a key element of primary health care, and plays an essential role in prevention.
• Nutritional intervention (promotive strategy)

  Nutritional Intervention aims to:

  • Improve nutritional status and address malnutrition-related issues at the community level to promote better health outcomes.

  Activities:

  • Promoting breastfeeding
  • Providing Nutrition Education to individuals & Families
  • Offering Counselling on Healthy eating habits
  • Ensuring Access to nutritious food
  • Food fortification
• Lifestyle and behavioral change (promotive strategy)

  • These are modifications that individuals make in their daily habits and actions to promote health & prevent diseases.
  • Lifestyle & behavioral changes play a very crucial role in reducing the risk for chronic diseases such as: Heart disease, Diabetes, Certain types of cancer
  • As well as improving over-all well-being & longevity
• Lifestyle and behavioral change (promotive strategy)

  Health promoting behaviors

  • avoiding harmful substances
  • maintaining physical activity levels
  • having good nutrition
  • managing stress
  • getting sufficient sleep
• Preventive strategy

  • consist of actions which aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability
  • levels: primary, secondary, tertiary
  • sample preventive measures: vaccination, physical examination, taking medications
• Primary prevention (preventive strategy)

  • description: Targets a susceptible population or individual, institutes activities that help avoid the onset of a disease, injury, or health condition before it occurs
  • aim: Promoting health & well-being, Preventing the initial development of a disease, Addressing Modifiable Factors such as unhealthy behaviors, environmental exposures
  • measures: health Education & Promotion to encourage healthy behaviors, Immunization, Environmental Modifications, Policy & legislation initiatives to promote public health
• Secondary prevention (preventive strategy)

  • description: Targets identification of the “individuals with pathological conditions” or in the early stadiums of disease but is not yet symptomatic or clinically apparent
  • aim: identify individuals with the disease at an early stage when treatment can be more effective to: Reduce severity of the condition, Prevent complication, Improve health Outcomes
• Secondary prevention (preventive strategy)

  • measures: conduct of screening tests or examinations (mammography for Breast CA), Encouraging to seek medical attention for early detection & diagnosis, Monitoring individuals with certain risk factors through regular check-ups, lab. Tests, or imaging studies
• Tertiary prevention (preventive strategy)

  • description: Symptomatic individuals who have already been diagnosed with a disease or health conditions, Attempts to prevent, diminish & eliminate the diseases and injuries’ consequence
  • aims: Prevent effects of disease: complications, disability & death, Improve the quality of life for individuals living with thecondition
• Tertiary prevention (preventive strategy)

  • measures: providing rehabilitation services like physical therapy and speech therapy to restore function, Providing Chronic Disease Management measures like medications, lifestyle modifications & regular check-ups, Conduct of Health Education to patient & family
• primary prevention

  • definition: an intervention implemented before there is evidence of a disease or injury
  • intent: reduce or eliminate causative risk factors (risk reduction)
  • example: encourage exercise and healthy eating to prevent individuals from becoming overweight
• secondary prevention

  • definition: an intervention implemented after a disease has begun but before it is symptomatic
  • intent: early identification (through screening) and treatment
  • example: check body mass index (BMI) at every well checkup to identify individuals who are overweight or obese
• tertiary prevention

  • definition: an intervention implement after a disease or injury is established
  • intent: prevent sequelae (stop bad things from getting worse)
  • example: help obese individuals lose weight to prevent progression to more serve consequences
• Curative Strategy

  • aims to diagnose, treat (alleviate) and cure diseases
  • cause reversal of the natural history of disorder
  • restore individual's health to optimal state

  examples: medications, surgery, medical procedures
• Rehabilitative strategy

  After an individual has experienced anatomical & physiological changes, Rehabilitative interventions are provided to

  • prevent or minimize disability
  • prevent further deterioration
  • facilitate the individual's ability to adapt to their condition
  • achieve optimal functioning despite anatomical and physiological changes

  Examples: physical rehabilitation, emotional and psychological support, cognitive rehabilitation
• Palliative strategy

  • Given to individuals where the disease despite the conveyed treatment & rehabilitation, has left permanent consequences such as: Invalidity, Work disability, Dependence on other people’s care, End-of-life Stage diseases
  • Does not directly aim to cure the patient
  • aims: alleviate suffering, Enhance comfort, Promote dignity for the patient and their families in the moment
• Palliative strategy

  components

  • pain and symptom management
  • psychosocial and spiritual support
  • care coordination and continuity