reviewer

• Research


  Coined from the French word “cerchier”, which means “to seek”. The prefix “re” means “to repeat”
• Reasons to study research

  • To become research literate
  • To develop critical thinking
  • To generate knowledge
  • To come up with solutions to a certain problem
• Philosophical views in research

  • Post-positivist
  • Constructivist
  • Transformative
  • Pragmatic
• Approaches in research

  • Qualitative Research
  • Quantitative Research
  • Mixed Approach
• Qualitative Research


  • Exploring & understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social/human problem
  • Collects and works with non-numerical data
  • Most common designs: Narrative, Phenomenological, Ethnography, Case study, Grounded theory
• Quantitative Research


  • An approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables
  • An objective, systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena through the use of statistics
  • Most common Designs: Evaluation, Correlational, Descriptive, Experimental, Survey
• Mixed Approach


  • Inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, and integrating the two forms of data
  • Types of Mixed Approach: Convergent, Parallel, Explanatory Sequential, Exploratory Sequential
• Mixed Approach


  • Based on realities and different viewpoints of individuals
  • Designed to understand the variety of behavior and perception of the target audience
  • Explores the meanings that individual or groups ascribe to social phenomena
  • Results are descriptive rather than predictive
• Advantages of Qualitative Research


  • In-depth and detailed evaluation of the issues and topics studied
  • Framework of the study can be revised when information and findings have been collected
  • Data gathered is stronger than those in quantitative research
  • Less costly
  • Wide variety of information can be gathered since questions are open-ended
  • Less number of respondents are needed
• Disadvantages of Qualitative Research


  • Research quality depends on the skills of the researcher
  • Factors are easily influenced by personal judgment and biases of the researcher
  • Validity and reliability of the data are hard to determine
  • Time-consuming
• Kinds of Qualitative Research

  • Historical Research
• Factors are easily influenced by personal judgment and biases of the researcher
• Validity and reliability of the data is hard to determine
• Qualitative research is time-consuming
• Kinds of Qualitative Research

  • Historical Research
  • Ethnography
  • Phenomenological Research
  • Case Study
  • Narrative Analysis
  • Grounded Theory
• Historical Research


  Systematic study of past events. Examines the documents of the past to help researcher understand and connect it in the present time
• Ethnography


  Involves observing, exploring, documenting, and analyzing the ways and cultural beliefs of a group of people, especially the indigenous or minority group
• 2 perspectives in Ethnography

  • Emic - the way members of the culture envision their own world; insider’s view
  • Etic - interpretation of the experiences of that culture; outsider’s view
• 3 aspects of information in Ethnography

  • Cultural behavior
  • Cultural speech
  • Cultural artifacts
• Phenomenological Research


  Systematic study of the lived experiences of individuals
• Case Study


  In-depth analysis of a single entity or a small group, often used in the discipline of sociology, nursing, and psychology to understand why a situation occurred
• Narrative Analysis


  Focuses on a specific story as the subject matter of inquiry
• Grounded Theory


  Systematic collection of data through observation and interview to generate a comprehensive explanation of a phenomenon grounded in reality
• Conceptualization Phase


  This is where the topic is identified. Studies are recommended to focus on a not-too-broad but not-too-specific concept to allow flexibility and further exploration. Literature reviews may be present and are required for quantitative studies but optional in qualitative inquiries. Topic selection is followed by objective framing or identifying the “Central Question” that needs to be addressed
• Design Phase


  Known as the “planning phase” where researchers decide on the detailed procedures in gathering and analyzing data. The phase wherein how, where, and when will the study be conducted and analyzed is addressed
• Empirical Phase


  “Data gathering and collection phase”. In this phase, the researchers are equipped with the necessary attitude, behavior, and tools in gathering data from different prospective sources. In qualitative studies, respondents are known as ‘key informants’ or co-researchers
• Analytical Phase


  Most challenging phase of the research. Preparation and assessment of the data through the use of several tools and even the researchers' own understanding. Analysis of data is supported by the researchers’ beliefs and previous studies published in the same area of interest
• Dissemination Phase


  “Publishing phase”. Most valuable but often neglected by the researchers. Research results in the form of a well-written full research manuscript are advised to be shared with the general public
• Conceptualization Phase (Identifying a Topic)

  Research Topic – area of the study; an intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of scientific inquiry. 3Ts – Timely, Trending, & Trailblazing. Intellectualized topic – specificity of study, distinctiveness of your research
• Conceptualization Phase


  Identifying a topic for scientific inquiry that is timely, trending, and trailblazing
• Sources of research topic

  • Own experience and interest
  • Own professional practice
  • Colleagues
  • Critical friends
  • Related literature
• Reconnaissance


  Reviewing literature
• Types of Literature Sources

  • Research (1st priority)
  • Conceptual (2nd priority)
  • Gray
• The Research Process


  Discussing trends, issues, objectives, and contributions in the research context
• Theoretical Review


  Reviewing highly related theories and principles established by experts
• Statement of the Problem


  Specific questions to be answered in the study
• Research Paradigm


  Diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework showing the flow of research
• Conceptual Framework


  Tentative explanation of the phenomenon or problem serving as the basis for research hypotheses
• Introduction


  Beginning of the research study