Study notes

• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is stored at the cellular level
• ATP


  Consists of a large molecule with a structure of 3 phosphates
• ATP breakdown


  Phosphate is broken, resulting in ADP
• Lipids are used for energy, storing energy, building cell membranes, hormones, and transporting vitamins (such as Vitamin D)
• 3 types of lipids

  • Saturated fats
  • Monounsaturated fats
  • Polyunsaturated fats
• Steroids are lipids used to build hormones
• Fats store more energy than carbs as lipids contain over twice as much energy per gram as carbs
• Proteins are used to build and repair tissues, as well as a source of energy
• Enzymes act as catalysts, reducing the activation energy and increasing the rate of a reaction
• The full names of the nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• DNA contains instructions for making proteins
• RNA builds proteins based on information from DNA
• Molecules called nucleotides make up nucleic acids
• Mouth mechanically digests food
• Stomach breaks down food with acid and enzymes
• Small intestine breaks down food, absorbs necessary nutrients
• Large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes
• Intermolecular bonds are caused by attractive forces between molecules
• Intramolecular bonds are forces within atoms in a molecule
• All matter is made from atoms
• Atoms are made from protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Atoms reach the most stable state by forming covalent bonds when they share electrons
• Exothermic reactions release energy (hot), while endothermic reactions require energy (cold)
• Synthesis is the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler ones
• Decomposition breaks down organic matter into nutrients like nitrogen
• Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes
• Carbohydrates are organic molecules used as a source of energy
• 3 types of carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule and provide a fast source of energy e.g., glucose, fructose, galactose
• Disaccharides are made of two sugar molecules and also provide a source of energy e.g., sucrose, lactose
• Polysaccharides (complex carbs) are made from multiple sugar molecules and release energy more slowly