PRELIMS

• Psychology


  The science of behavior and mental processes of man and animals
• Purpose of Psychology


  • Describe
  • Explain
  • Predict
  • Influence
• Types of Behavior


  • Conscious
  • Unconscious
  • Overt
  • Covert
• Goals of Psychological Research

  • To build an organized body of knowledge about the field
  • To develop explanations for phenomena within its domain
• Scientific explanations


  • Rational: follows the rules of logic and consistent with known facts
  • Testable: could be verified through replication
• Scientific method refers to

  • Questions are asked
  • Logical
  • Credible methods
  • Relies on empirical approach: direct observation and experimentation
• STEPS IN RESEARCH


  1. Developing a Research Idea and Hypothesis

  2. Choosing the Research Design

  3. Choosing The Subject/Population

  4. Deciding On What to Observe and The Appropriate Measures

  5. Conducting Study

  6. Analyzing Data
• Research Proposal


  • Made or written by the researcher/s for the purpose of outlining his/her/their planned research project
  • It outlines the entire research process to be undertaken
• Parts of the Research Proposal

  • Title
  • Table of contents
  • Covers the chapters 1-3 of your future paper with the following contents: Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION, Background of the Study, Statement of the Problem
• Variable


  Any quality or quantity that can take on a range of values
• Hypothesis


  Give a hypothesis for every problem that you have to prove statistically - state the hypothesis(es) in null form for ease of proving it(them)
• Theoretical Framework


  Discuss briefly the theory which was the basis of your study. Name the theory and give a brief description of it and how you will use it in your study. Different theories and concepts related to the topic can also be combined provided that you make a logical arrangement
• Criterion validity


  Predicts criteria external to the test
• Criterion validity


  • Aptitude test - Know where to possibly excel in (area)
• Convergent Validity


  Whether the test correlates with other measures that should correlate with it
• Discriminant Validity


  Whether the test should not correlate with it
• Construct Validity


  Measures what it is supposed to measure based on a theoretical construct
• Reliability


  Refers to the consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions)
• Reliability


  1. Repeated measures: test re-test

  2. Internal consistency reliability: all items correlated with each other

  3. Inter-rater reliability: when raters or multiple observers agree with each other
• Data Gathering Procedure


  Describe the step by step process that you will go through to collect your data
• Data Analysis


  1. Quantitative data: specific tools you will be applying to your data (e.g. descriptive statistics, inferential statistics)

  2. Qualitative data: specific model to be used for data analysis of Clarke and Braun thematic analysis, Colaizzi’s descriptive phenomenological method
• Ethical Considerations in Conducting Research

  1. Spells out the ethical safeguards you will use to ensure that your research respondents/participants will be protected

  2. A brief description of the informed consent will also be included Research Ethics
• Ethical Considerations


  • Research that is harmful to participants is undesirable
  • Seek informed consent of the participants by giving full information on the nature, purpose, the potential risks and benefits of the study
  • Maintaining anonymity and confidentiality is very important so that identities of participants are protected and the data do not become items of gossip
  • Deceiving individuals in order to get them to participate is always unethical
  • Plagiarism is a serious violation of research ethics
• University of San Agustin's basis for the evaluation of the Informed Consent Form (ICF) and ethics clearance

  • Duly accomplished Informed Consent Document Review form
  • Procedures primarily intended for research are stated
  • Appropriate procedure for obtaining informed consent
  • There is adequate provision for the protection of vulnerable participants
  • Names and contact details of the investigators are found in the ICF
  • Explicit statement regarding privacy and confidentiality
  • Information contained should be comprehensive and relevant
  • Consistency in the information provided in the protocol or research proposal with those in the ICF
  • Study-related risks are mentioned in the ICF
  • Language in the ICF is understandable
  • ICF is translated into the local dialect
  • Consent form is appropriate for the type of study participants
  • Provisions for medical/psychosocial support when needed
  • Provisions for treatment of study-related injuries
  • Provisions for compensation