ZooBot

• Zoology


  The study of animals
• Zoology is the broadest field because of the immense variety of animals and the complexity of the processes occurring within animals
• History of Zoology


  • Attempts at classification as early as 5th century BC
  • Aristotle - first to devise a system of classifying animals
  • Historia Animalium - accurate descriptions of extant animals of Greece and Asia Minor
  • Pliny the Elder - compiled four volumes on zoology
  • Galen - dissected farm animals, monkeys, and other mammals
  • William Harvey - established the true mechanism of blood circulation
  • Andreas Vesalius - established the principle of comparative anatomy
  • Classification dominated zoology in the 17th and 18th centuries
  • Georges Cuvier - organization of animals based on specimens
  • Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann - proved that the cell is common structural unit of living things
  • St. Albertus Magnus - denied many of the superstitions in biology and reintroduced the work of Aristotle
  • Leonardo da Vinci - conducted anatomical studies, dissections and comparisons of the structure of humans and animals
  • Karl Ernst von Baer - cell concept provided impetus for progress in embryology
  • Claude Bernard - development of the study of animal physiology including the concept of "Homeostasis"
  • Charles Darwin - theory of evolution by natural selection
  • Gregor Mendel - first formulated the concept of particulate hereditary factor-later called genes
• Specializations in Zoology


  • Anatomy - study of the structure of entire organisms and their parts
  • Cell Biology - study of the structure and function of cells
  • Ecology - study of interaction of organisms with their environment
  • Embryology - study of the development of animal from the fertilized egg to birth or hatching
• Classification of living Things: Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae and Kingdom Animalia
• Classification of living Things by Taxonomy: species, Genus, Family, order, class, Phylum, Kingdom
• Genetics


  Study of the mechanisms of transmission of genes from parents to offspring
• Histology


  Study of tissues
• Molecular Biology


  Study of the details of animal structure and function at the subcellular level
• Parasitology


  Study of animals that live in or on other organisms at the expense of the host
• Physiology


  Study of the function of organisms and their parts
• Zoology: An Ecological Perspective


  • Problems that affect the living animal
  • Population-over population
  • World Resources-stressing world resources
  • Solutions
  • continued use of fossil fuels usually leads to Deforestation
• Zoology: An Ecological Perspective


  • Understanding of basic ecological principles
  • Understanding how matter is cycled and recycled in nature
• Systematics


  Study of the classification and the evolutionary inter-relationships among animal groups
• Zoogeography


  Study of the distribution of animals over the earth
• Branches of Zoology


  • Entomology - study of insects
  • Herpetology - study of amphibians and reptiles
  • Ichthyology - study of fishes
  • Malacology - study of mollusks
  • Mammalogy - study of mammals
  • Ornithology - study of birds
  • Protozoology - study of protozoa
• Organic Evolution


  Change in populations of organisms over time
• Karl von Linne is remembered for collecting and classifying plants
• Binomial Nomenclature


  A "two-part name" for naming organisms
• Lysosomes


  Digest food, "Garbage Men"
• Centrosome


  A cellular structure involved in the process of cell division
• Vacuole


  Stores water, food and wastes, largest organelle in plant cell
• Cell wall


  Found only in plant cells, protects and supports the cell
• Chloroplasts


  Found only in plant cells, contains chlorophyll (makes plants green), where photosynthesis takes place
• Cytoskeleton


  Organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell's shape, responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of various organelles within it
• Cell components found in both plant and animal cells

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondrion
  • Golgi complex
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell Membrane
• Cell components found only in plant cells


  • Chloroplasts
  • Cell Wall
  • Vacuoles
• Animal tissues


  • Blood
  • Bone Tissue
  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Cartilage tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Nervous tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Connective tissue
• Organ systems


  • Digestive
  • Muscular
  • Endocrine
  • Nervous
  • Integumentary
  • Lymphatic
  • Urinary
  • Reproductive
  • Skeletal
  • Respiratory
  • Cardiovascular
• Cell theory


  All organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life in all living things, all cells come from existing cells, all living things share a similar structure
• Prokaryotic cell


  Bacterial cell, no membrane covered nucleus and organelles
• Eukaryotic cell


  True cell, have nuclear membrane, organelles are structures that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce
• Cell membrane


  Outer layer of cell, "Gate into the City"
• Cytoplasm


  Jelly-like fluid, Cytosol
• Nucleus


  Control center of the cell, contains the cell's DNA
• Mitochondria


  Power center of the cell
• Ribosomes


  Site where proteins are made, "Factories of the cell"
• Endoplasmic Reticulum


  Roadways of the cell, Rough ER has ribosomes attached, Smooth ER has no ribosomes
• Golgi complex


  Packaging house of the cell, "Ups of the cell"
• Evolution


  The process of changing forms of beings that have passed through a long period of time