chemical

• Flame test sodium


  yellow-orange
• Flame test: Lithium


  red
• Flame test: Barium


  pale green
• Flame test: Potassium


  lilac
• Flame test: Calcium


  orange-red
• Flame test copper


  blue-green
• NaOH test calcium


  White precipitate
• NaOH test: iron (iii)


  brown
• NaOH test iron (II)


  green
• NaOH test aluminium


  white
• NaOH test - zinc


  White precipitate
• NaOH test ammonium ion


  No Precipitate but ammonia on warming
• How to determine the differnce between aluminium ion and zinc ions?

  Use ammonia solution. Aluminium will give a white precipitate, Zinc will give a white precipitaite that will redissolve in excess ammoinia to give a clear, colourless solution
• Cation


  A positively charged ion
• Anion


  A negatively charged ion
• precipitation reaction


  A reaction in which a solid, insoluble product forms upon mixing two solutions.
• Test for carbonate ions

  add dilute HCL, it fizzes and Carbon Dioxide formed turns limewater turns cloudy
• Test for halide ions


  Add dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution
• positive test for chloride ion


  White precipitate
• positive test for bromide ion


  Cream precipitate
• positive test for iodide ion


  yellow precipitate
• Test for sulfate ions

  Add dilute hydrochloric acid and then barium chloride solution, if a white precipitate forms, sulfate ions are present.
• Test for nitrate ions


  Add aqueous sodium hydroxide, then aluminium foil; warm carefully Ammonia produced
• Test for carbon dioxide


  Turns limewater cloudy
• Test for oxygen gas


  Relights a glowing splint
• Test for hydrogen gas


  Lighted splint. Squeaky pop.
• Tests for ammonia


  Lower damp red litmus paper or damp universal indicator (pH) paper into test solution

  >> Damp red litmus paper turns blue if Ammonia is present

  >> Damp universal indicator (pH) paper turns purple if Ammonia is present
• Test for chlorine gas


  Bleaches damp litmus paper white
• Test for sulphur dioxide gas


  Use a solution of acidified potassium manganate. It will go from purple to colourless
• Proceedure for doing a flame test

  Place a sample loop (Nichrome wire) or a wet splint into a sample and place into a blue flame
• Ammonia test Iron II

  green insoluble
• Ammonia test Iron III

  red brown insoluble
• Make alcohol


  Fermentation: alcohol + oxygen -> carboxylic acid + water

  Addition: alcohol (acidified potassium (VIII) manganate + heat) -> carboxylic

  -> Alcohol got oxidised
• Make alkene


  Fermentation: glucose -> ethanol + co2 (yeast, air, temperature lower than 60)

  Addition: alkene + steam -> alcohol (60 atm, phosphoric acid, 300 temperature)