topic eight

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ava isaac

Cards (44)

not all microorganisms cause disease. The microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens
pathogens (4 of them)
virus
fungi
bacteria
protists
ways diseases can spread
bodily fuids
contaminated food
contact
insects
aresols
How was aids caused?
Human immune deficiency virus
how does aids spread?
blood to blood contact
how to prevent aids?
if injected, you can take antiviral medication to stop the virus multiplying inside you but this must be taken for life.
how does aids work?
HIV destroys white blood cells called lymphocytes. This weakens your immune system and sufferers get ill for pathogens such as pneumonia
what is chlamydia?
a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomatis
what can chlamydia do if left untreated?
infection can pass to baby during birth causing conjunctivitis and lung infections.
whats the treatment of chlamydia
antibiotics such as tetracycline or erythomycin
how to prevent chlamydia
using condoms
how is malaria caused
a single celled protist with a genus named plamodium
how is malaria transferred?
by a female mosquiotes of the genus anopheles
how does malaria affect someone
causes fever as plasmodium destroys red blood cells
treatment and prevention of malria
vaccines
pesticides
mosquito nets
antimaliria drugs
the skin is a natural barrier that prevents the entry of microorganisms into the body.
skin flora
the natural community of microorganisms that live on the skin would prevent pathogens from establishing
if the skin barrier is broken our blood is out next defence
Lymphocyte
produces antibodies which join on to pathogens antigens and inactivate and destroy them. Lymphocytes also produce antitoxins which blocks the toxins released by the pathogen.
phagocytes (white blood cell)
engulf pathogens
platelets
platelets clot the blood. This seals the wound and prevents further entry of pathogens.
primary response
the first time your body detects and antigen. The immune response is lower and less antibodies are produced.
secondary response
the second time your body detects an antigen. The immune response is immediate and lots more antibodies are produced.
vaccinations  
protects humans for infectious diseases. They prevent the individuals from becoming ill as well as preventing spread.
problems arise if the parent decides that their child will not have a vaccination a specific disease due to unfounding anxiety over side effects of the vaccine
media plays a huge role wheter parents decide their children will be vaccinated or not
what do vaccines contain to work?
antigens
weak pathogen
dead pathogen
the inactive ingredients in vaccine creates memory cells without getting ill. The memory cells will produce the specific antibody to the antigen.
what does a vaccine do when a real infection occurs?
the memory cells produce a rapid immune response and you dont get ill, with a larger number of antibodies.
what was the first anitibiotic?
penicillin which kills bacteria
antibiotics do not work on viruses as viruses live inside our cells and we could damage our own tissue
natural antibiotis have also been altered to make hem safer for humans.
some antibiotics are completely man made and known as sythetic antibiotics.
MRSA is sometimes called a super bug by media. It is resistant to many antibiotics.
how to help control a spread of MRSA?
hand washing
used of alcohol gels
MRSA screening
thorough cleaning of hospital wards
preventative measures to stop diseases
good hygiene
good sanitation
improved diet
vaccines
pre-clinical trials
drugs are tested in human tissue grown in the lab
drugs are then tested on animals
drugs are then tested on healthy volunteers
clinical trails
drugs are then tested on people with the disease
placebo
a tablet that contains no drug and has no effect. Acts as a control a comparison with the real drug.
blind trail 
when the person testing the drug doesnt know whether they are taking the drug or a placebo