ucspol l4

• Socialization


  A lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn the culture
• Enculturation


  The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture
• Goals of Socialization

  • Teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a conscience
  • Teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles - occupation roles, gender roles, and roles of institutions such as marriage and parenthood
  • Cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
• Enculturation


  1. Learn the requirements of their surrounding culture

  2. Acquire the values and behaviors necessary in that culture
• Charles Horton Cooley


  Proposed the "looking glass self theory" derived from the perception of others
• George Herbert Mead


  Proposed the "Role taking theory" where the development of social awareness is traced to early social interaction
• Stages of Development of the social mind

  Imitation: Mimicking behaviors of others

  Play: Takes different roles observed in "Adult" society

  Game: Child must take the role of everyone else, involves the game

  Generalized Others: Begin to function in organized groups
• Identity & Identity Information


  • Development of an individual's distinct personality
  • Sum of a person's knowledge and understanding of his or herself
• Different types of Identity

  • Cultural identity
  • Ethnic identity
  • National identity
  • Religious identity
• Master identity


  Gives the order to the operation of other identities individually or collectively, "Own Perspective"
• Norms and Values

  • Norm is a rule that guides the behavior of members of a society or group
  • Normal refers to that which conforms to norms; it is the act of abiding by rules such as norms
  • Normative refers to what we perceive as normal, or what we think should be normal, regardless of whether it is
• Different kinds of Norms

  • Proscriptive norms: States what we should not do
  • Prescriptive norms: State what we should do
  • Mores: Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
  • Folkways: Norms for routine and casual interaction
• Values

  Culturally defined
• Different kinds of norms

  • Proscriptive norms
  • Prescriptive norms
  • Mores
  • Folkways
• Mores


  Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
• Folkways


  Norms for routine and casual interaction
• Values


  Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
• Status


  Social position that a person holds, can be ascribed or achieved
• Role


  Behavior of someone who holds a particular status
• Role set


  Number of roles attached to a single status
• Role strain


  Conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses
• Role manipulation


  Role manipulated to produce a desirable impression
• Theoretical perspectives of deviance

  • Structural Strain Theory
  • Labeling Theory
  • Social Control Theory
• Structural Strain Theory traces the origin of deviance to tensions caused by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available to achieve those goals
• Labeling Theory states that no act is intrinsically criminal, and criminality is defined by those in power
• Social Control Theory suggests that deviance occurs when a person's or group's attachment to social bonds is weakened
• People conform to social expectations due to their attachments to others and what others expect of them
• Impression management


  Power and influence to create a favorable public opinion of a person, break or repair social standing
• THE DIFFERENT THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIALIZATION - Looking Glass Self Theory - Role taking Theory
• Identity Formation is the development of an individual’s distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or known.
• This process defines individuals to others and themselves. Self concept is the sum of a person’s knowledge and understanding of his or herself
• Imitation – the child starts with mimicking behaviors and actions of significant others around him or her
• Play – the child takes different roles he or she observes in “adult” society, and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles
• Game – the child must take the role of everyone else involves in the game. In the game stage, the organization begins and definite personalities start to emerge
• Generalized Others – children begin to function in organized groups, and most importantly, to determine what they will do within a specific group.
• Cultural identity is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture
• Ethnic identity is the identification with a certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry
• National identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations.
• Religious identity is the set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals and the study of ancestral or cultural traditions, writing, history, and mythology, as well as faith and mystic experience
• Master identity gives the order to the operation of other identities individually or collectively. “Own Perspective”