LAST MINUTE STUARTS

• Aristocracy?

  People of noble birth with titles
• Gentry?

  Below the aristocracy, but still respected within the Political Nation
• Pseudo-gentry?

  Men who got their money from burgeoning trades, like merchants and lawyers
• Patronage?

  Members of a higher social rank would promote someone of a lower social rank with gifts. The patron would be rewarded with loyalty
• Cockayne's monopoly?

  A monopoly on cloth that temporarily boosted prerogative income
• How many refused to pay the forced loan?

  76
• Wardship?

  The monarch's prerogative to handle the estates of heirs under 21
• Why did Cadiz fail?

  The troops were poorly trained and they didn't bring enough food
• Why did MPs not trust Charles' acceptance of the Petition of Right?

  He did not give the bill the traditional royal assent
• Three examples of the beauty of holiness campaign?

  Stained glass windows, ministers had to wear vestments and the communion table was railed off
• Charles' Catholic influences?

  Henrietta-Maria, and the Catholics at court
• How much Crown debt was Charles in at the start of Personal Rule?

  £2 million
• How did Charles reduce expenditure during Personal Rule?

  A peace treaty with France and Spain in 1629 and 1630 respectively
• Fiscal feudalism?

  Charles' attempt to increase prerogative income during Personal Rule
• How much money did Charles receive from ship money annually?

  £200,000
• Scottish National Covenant?

  A movement formed in 1638 focused on attacking Charles' religious policy in Scotland
• What did the Scottish Parliament start to reduce in 1639?

  Royal influence in Scotland
• What river did the Scots cross to gain access to England in 1640?

  The river Tweed
• Petition of Twelve Peers?

  A list of complaints against Charles from between the Short and Long Parliaments. They attacked his popery, collection of ship money and the long absence of Parliament
• Why was Wentworth disliked in Parliament?

  MPs believed he could make Charles absolutist
• Protestation Oath of 1641?

  It reflected the belief that Catholicism and absolutism were linked, and that there was a plot to establish them as dominant
• Why did Charles allow the Bill of Attainder to be used?

  Pressure from the London crowd, as well as the Protestation Oath and the Army Plot
• Grand Remonstrance?

  A list of complaints from Parliament arguing that they should take control of the army
• Nineteen Propositions?

  Issued in 1642. Parliamentary attempt to ease tension with Charles, but only made things worse. Parliament said that they had to approve all of Charles' councillors, impeached MPs had to be pardoned, and Parliament would be able to reform the Church
• Solemn League and Covenant?

  A military alliance between the English Parliament and the Scots
• Battle of Newburn?

  A battle during the Second Bishop's War in 1640
• At which battle did the New Model Army make their debut, establishing their dominance?

  Naseby, 1645
• Why did Charles surrender to the Scottish at the end of the First Civil War

  He thought the Scots would give him a more favourable settlement, but instead they immediately handed him over to Parliament
• Declaration of Dislike?

  Written by Political Presbyterian Holles, it attacked New Model Army members as "enemies of the state"
• Why did tensions between NMA and Parliament increase?

  The NMA marched on London
• The Engagement?

  An agreement between the Covenanters and Charles to restore him to power
• The Vote of No Addresses?

  Parliament's document declaring that they would no longer attempt to negotiate with Charles
• Why did the civil wars lend themselves to the development of religious radicalism?

  Royal authority was collapsing, and there was more geographical mobility
• What were three key Leveller demands?

  Extension of the franchise, a written constitution, and more frequent elections
• Why were the Diggers less popular than the Levellers?

  Their support hinged on one man, Winstanley, and the movement only lasted a year
• Long-term impacts of radical movements in 17th century?

  Inspired communism, environmentalism and direct action
• Providence?

  The protective care of God
• Why was the Vote of No Address repealed?

  The Political Independents were desperate for an end to the war
• Newport Treaty?

  Post-Second Civil War negotiations with Charles
• Army remonstrance of November 1648?

  They wanted Charles to be put on trial