Globalisation

• Glocalisation is the process of adapting a product or service to suit the needs of a local market/culture, for example, the McDonald's menu changes to include the McSpaghetti in the Philippines.
• The term McDonaldisation is used to describe the spread of Western culture around the world.
• Low Income Economies - less than $1,085 per person per year
• Lower Middle-Income Economies - more than $1,085 but less than $4,175 per person per year
• Upper Middle-Income Economies - more than $4,175 but less than $12,995 per person per year
• High Income Economies - more than $12,995 per person per year
• The Schengen Area is an area encompassing 27 European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.
• The Schengen Area is intended to abolish border and passport controls within the zone of the 26 signing countries. As such, travellers within the Schengen Area are able to treat the entire zone as a singular country when it comes to border controls.
• 𝙎𝘾𝙃𝙀𝙉𝙂𝙀𝙉 𝘼𝙂𝙍𝙀𝙀𝙈𝙀𝙉𝙏:

  The Schengen Agreement allows people who are from countries that have signed the agreement to move across most EU borders without being subject to border checks.
• Laws and regulations by intergovernmental organisations affect what can be done to the environment
• The Montreal Protocol was established


  1987
• Refugees are people who have been forced to leave their homes and travel to another country due to fleeing conflict, political or religious persecution. They have been granted permanent or temporary residency by the host country or the UN refugee agency (UNHCR)
• Asylum seekers are people who have left their country and are seeking asylum in another. They are waiting to be granted residency and to become a refugee
• The majority of international migration is migration to a high-income country. 14.1% of high-income country populations are made up of international migrants, whereas only 1.6% of low-income country populations are made up of international migrants
• Latin America migrant populations are highest in California (5.4 million), Texas (3 million), and Florida (nearly 3 million). The majority of Latin America emigration is from Mexico (11.5 million)
• Caribbean migrant populations are the highest in Florida (1.6 million) and New York (1 million)
• Latin America emigration

  • Mexico (11.5 million)
• Caribbean migrant populations

  • Florida (1.6 million)
  • New York (1 million)
• Caribbean migrants of North America

  • Cuba (nearly 1.2 million)
• Asia to Europe migrants

  • Germany, England, France, Spain
• European countries with the highest number of Asian migrants

  • Germany, England, France, Spain
• Asia to North America migrants

  • California (nearly 4 million), New York (1.2 million)
• Asian migrants in the USA

  • China (2.5 million), India (2.2 million), Philippines (1.9 million)
• There are different types of labour that contribute to a country’s workforce
• Types of labour

  • Highly skilled, Unskilled
• Highly skilled workers


  Usually highly trained in jobs that require a great deal of skill, such as in medicine, science, or ICT
• Highly skilled workers may move to high income countries as wages are higher for the same job than in lower income countries
• Unskilled workers take positions that do not necessarily require qualifications or intensive training, therefore usually the work has lower economic value than that of highly skilled labour
• Unskilled workers move to developed countries for better wages and usually because of high unemployment rates in their countries
• This can lead to overpopulation and exploitation because many workers are still left in underpaid and often illegal work
• In the past, produced goods were manufactured in high-income countries due to them having access to resources such as factories and the ability to buy materials
• Reasons for produced goods being manufactured in high income countries in the past

  • Access to resources such as factories and the ability to buy materials
  • Products were usually sold within the country they were produced in
• Products can now be produced in low income countries due to technological advancements
• Offshoring

  • Companies have relocated internationally to produce their goods
  • Products are produced for lower costs and then transported to high income countries to be sold at a much higher price, increasing profits
• Offshoring has caused a decrease in the manufacturing industry in high income countries
• Employment in the manufacturing business in the UK has decreased by over 3.4 million jobs since 1985
• Increasing demand for materials and manufactured products in growing consumerist societies due to emerging economies
• Services can be transferred on phone calls or via the internet, eliminating the need for the industry to be tied down to a location
• Types of services

  • High level services
  • Low level services
• High level services

  • Require a higher skill level
  • Are important and complicated
  • The person delivering the service should be qualified and trained to deliver the best service possible