Metabolisme

• Humans and amoebas do not have special abilities like flying or walking up walls like some organisms
• Plants, protists, and some bacteria can perform photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is a process that also produces oxygen, benefiting animals and humans
• Plants are major producers in food webs and provide essential resources like medications and foods
• Plants make their own food through photosynthesis, producing glucose
• Glucose is a sugar needed by both plants and animals, but plants can produce their own through photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration have similarities in their reactants and products
• Plants use pigments like chlorophyll to capture light for photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light but reflects green light, giving plants their green color
• Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells
• Photosynthesis consists of two major reactions: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
• Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids of chloroplasts and involve the splitting of water
• Further details on photosynthesis can be explored through additional reading links provided in the video description
• Granum


  A collective stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts that contain pigment
• Grana


  Multiple stacks of thylakoids in chloroplasts
• Light dependent reactions


  Light is captured, water is split into electrons, protons, and oxygen. Oxygen is a product. ATP and NADPH are produced
• Light independent reactions


  Also known as the Calvin Cycle or Dark Reaction. Happens in the stroma of chloroplasts. Carbon dioxide is taken in through stomata and fixed into an organic form with the help of ATP and NADPH
• Items needed for the Calvin Cycle

  • Fixed carbon dioxide
  • ATP
  • NADPH
• Plants have the ability to open and close their stomata
• In CAM photosynthesis, plants open their stomata at night to capture carbon dioxide and store it for use during the day to avoid water loss in hot conditions
• ATP from light dependent reactions

  Acts as an energy currency for the Calvin Cycle
• NADPH from light dependent reactions

  Supplies reducing power by adding high-energy electrons to the Calvin Cycle
• Fixed carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are used in a complex series of pathways to produce glucose
• Plants have adaptations to perform photosynthesis efficiently in different environments, involving leaf shapes, coverings, and pigments
• Cacti use CAM photosynthesis to store carbon dioxide at night and use it during the day to avoid water loss in hot desert conditions
• Kloroplast


  organelle hvor fotosyntesen foregår
• Tylakoid


  Flat membranstruktur som ligger i stabler inne i kloroplast
• Stroma


  Geleaktig masse inne i kloroplast, her foregår calvinsyklus.
• Grana


  Stabler med tylakoider
• Lumen


  Rommet inne i noe, for eksempel i et tylakoid
• Fotosystem I


  Prosess hvor NADP+ reduseres til NADPH og H+ ved hjelp av lysenergi
• Fotosystem II


  Prosess hvor vannmolekyler spaltes og produserer elektroner, protoner og oksygen vha. lysenergi
• Lyskrevende reaksjon


  Prosess som krever lys i produksjonen av ATP og NADPH
• Mørkereaksjon/calvinsyklus


  Ikke lyskrevende reaksjon som går syklisk og produserer glukose
• Karbonfiksering (assimilasjon)


  CO2 og vann blir tatt opp og satt sammen til et ustabilt molekyl
• Rubisco


  Verdens viktigste enzym!
• Klorofyll


  Pigment som reflekterer bølgelengder som gir grønt lys
• Karotenoider


  Pigment som reflekterer bølgelengder som gir rødoransje lys
• Optimaltemperatur


  Den temperaturen som et enzym fungerer best ved
• ATP


  Adenosintrifosfat