Component 2 - Guides

• What is social power in the context of Bocchiaro's study?

  Influence to change others' thoughts or behaviors
• What is independent behavior/defiance?

  Rejection of social influence to follow personal morals
• Why is disobedience to unjust authority important?

  It is a precondition for social progress
• What is a whistleblower?

  A person who exposes unlawful activity
• What did Bocchiaro's study aim to explore?

  The nature of disobedience to unjust authority
• What was the research method used in Bocchiaro's study?

  Laboratory study with no independent variable
• Where did Bocchiaro's study take place?

  Laboratory at VU University in Amsterdam
• What was the purpose of the pilot tests in Bocchiaro's study?

  To ensure credibility and moral acceptability
• How many undergraduate students participated in Bocchiaro's study?

  149 undergraduate students
• What was the compensation for participants in Bocchiaro's study?

  €7 or course credit
• What were participants asked in the comparison group of Bocchiaro's study?

  What they would do and what others would do
• What are the key findings of Bocchiaro's study on disobedience?

  • Explored the nature of disobedience to authority
  • Investigated the gap between predicted and actual behavior
  • Analyzed personality traits influencing obedience and defiance
• Who conducted the study on the transmission of aggression?

  Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961)
• What theory underpins Bandura's study?

  • Social Learning Theory (SLT)
  • Interaction of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences
• How are aggressive behaviors learned according to SLT?

  Through reinforcement and imitation of models
• What did Bandura et al. (1961) demonstrate about children's aggression?

  Children imitate aggressive behaviors of models
• What was the aim of Bandura's study?

  • Show learning occurs through observation.
  • Test imitation of behavior in absence of models.
• What were the four hypotheses of Bandura's study?

  Children shown aggressive models will imitate more
• What was the first hypothesis of Bandura's study?

  Children shown aggressive models will imitate more
• What was the second hypothesis of Bandura's study?

  Children shown non-aggressive models will imitate less
• What was the third hypothesis of Bandura's study?

  Boys will show more imitative aggression than girls
• What was the fourth hypothesis of Bandura's study?

  Children will imitate aggressive behavior in absence of models
• What was the significance of Bandura's study?

  • Demonstrated imitation can occur without models.
  • Highlighted the role of observation in learning.
• What was the main focus of the study by Bandura, Ross, and Ross?

  Influence of role models on behavior
• What was the purpose of exposing children to aggressive and non-aggressive models?

  To test imitative learning in new situations
• What was the aim of the study regarding observation and imitation?

  To show learning occurs through observation
• What were the four hypotheses of the study?

  1. Aggressive models lead to more imitative aggression.
  2. Non-aggressive models lead to less aggression.
  3. Boys show more aggression than girls.
  4. Same-sex models are imitated more than opposite-sex models.
• What type of research method was used in the study?

  Laboratory experiment
• What design was used in the experiment?

  Independent measures, matched participants design
• What were the independent variables in the study?

  Model type, model sex, child sex
• How was the dependent variable measured?

  By observing imitative behavior through a one-way mirror
• How many children participated in the study?

  72 children
• What was the age range of the children in the study?

  37-69 months
• How were participants matched for aggressiveness?

  Using four five-point rating scales
• What was the procedure in Phase 1 of the study?

  Children played with toys while observing models
• What did the aggressive model do during Phase 1?

  Attacked a Bobo doll aggressively
• What was the purpose of Phase 2 in the study?

  To induce mild aggression in children
• What toys were available to children in Phase 3?

  Aggressive and non-aggressive toys
• What were the categories of behavior recorded in Phase 3?

  Imitative aggression, partially imitative aggression
• What did the findings indicate about children in the aggressive condition?

  They showed more imitative aggressive behavior