History medicine

• Theory Four Humours


  The body consisted of humours (blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile) and had to be balanced for good health
• Bleed used to prevent or treat illnesses (opening a vein/Applying leeches)
• Hippocratic medicine ended


  1900
• Hippocrates was the first physician to regard the body as a whole
• Hippocrates believed in the importance of diet and rest for a patient's health
• Hippocrates was the first to provide a detailed account of a patient's symptoms and treatments
• Hippocrates trained doctors for many years, significant records of his teachings still exist
• Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine
• Alexandra Fleming observed that antiseptic seemed to be unable to prevent infections


  1914-1918
• Flemming decided to try to find something that could kill the microbes that caused the infection
• Flemming discovered that a mould-penicillin-had grown in one of his petri dishes and noticed that the staphylococci bacteria around the mould had been killed off


  1918
• Penicillin


  A mould that can kill the microbes that cause infections
• Flemming called his discovery 'antibiotic', meaning 'discovery of life'
• Flemming published his results but could not cause enough funds to continue research


  1929
• Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain researched penicillin after reading an article about Flemming's discovery


  1937
• Florey and Chain overcame the difficulties of producing enough mould
• Experimenting on mice and then humans

  The first human trial took place in 1941 on a man badly infected by a scratch from a rose bush. He died five days later when their stock of penicillin ran out but the trial proved how successful the drug was
• D Jenner proved that injecting someone with the cowpox bacterium could prevent smallpox by carrying out an experiment on a young boy, James Phipps, and injecting him with cowpox and then injecting him with smallpox. Phipps did not develop smallpox
• Pasteur was asked to find out what was making the beer industries beetroot beer go sour. Through a series of experiments, he discovered that the beer was going sour when it had germs in it
• Pasteur boiled liquids which had germs in them

  Studied the liquid under a microscope to show that all the germs had disappeared
• Pasteur carried out a series of experiments with different shaped flasks


  To show that germs were in the air
• Louis Pasteur was asked by the French silk industry to find out what was killing their silkworms. Through a series of experiments, he proved that it was a germ
• John Tyndall continued to promote Pasteur's Germ Theory widely and in 1876, he lectured to British doctors on Koch's discoveries about anthrax
• Koch developed a method for extracting individual germs from a group of bacteria


  He could then inject mice to discover which of these germs was the one that caused a disease. Using this method, he was able to find the germs which caused anthrax, blood poisoning and tuberculosis
• Koch used industrial dyes to stain bacteria

  Using this method, he could make invisible germs like the germ which caused blood poisoning visible so that it could be experimented on
• William Roberts used the work of Koch to draw attention to germs and their role in human infections. William Cheyne translated Koch's work into English. He wrote a paper based on Koch's findings. Cheyne explained that some microbes present in healthy tissue and wounds were harmless and did not always produce disease
• In the 1880s, Pasteur discovered how vaccination worked and developed vaccines, firstly against animal disease - chicken cholera, anthrax - and then human disease, rabies
• Ehrlich developed Salvarsan 606 in 1910 as the first effective treatment for syphilis (the 606th drug he and his colleagues used to try and killed the germs causing syphilis). This was the first of what became known as magic bullets - carefully designed drugs targeting the specific germs causing that illness and having little or no effect on any other part of the human body
• John syndall-translated Kochs was
• William Harey discovered blood circulation
• Edward Jenner created the first vaccine for smallpox
• Louis Pasteur created the Germ theory, the idea that bacteria creates diseases
• Robert Koch made rodents sick with Anthrax bacteria, proving bacteria was the cause
• Hippocrates believed in careful observation and bodily treatment, inventing the four humours
• Claudius Galen made major breakthroughs in anatomy, discovering arteries and capillaries
• Avicenna, an Arab physician, wrote many textbooks and advanced medical sciences
• Rhazes was interested in Philosophy, medicine, Astronomy, Theology, logic, and grammar
• Pomona Axlexander discovered penicillin but never tested it
• Howard Florey and Ernst Chain researched penicillin at Oxford University
• Frano-Prussian war occurred in 1870-1871