Section three

• What is intrinsic motivation 


  Comes from within the individual
• What is extrinsic motivation 


  Comes from external sources like a prize or a coach
• Supporting evidence for motivation

  Ashford - interviewed 336 English adults in order to find out why they do sport. Found 4 main intrinsic motivators : physical well being psychological well being improvement and assertive achievement
• What is self efficacy 


  Our belief of our sporting abilities - often situation specific .
• What did bandura state about self efficacy

  Derives from experiences.
• What factors affect self efficacy

  Previous achievement

  vicarious experience

  verbal persuasion

  emotional arousal
• What is a vicarious experience 


  When we witness a role model succeed it can drive us to follow
• What is sport confidence 


  Belief in abilities to succeed/win in sport
• What are the two types of sport confidence

  Trait and state
• What is trait sport confidence

  Belief in general sporting ability - relates to previous experiences and increases along with motivation levels
• What is state sport confidence 


  Ability to perform in a particular context. Alter levels of motivation
• What factors influence sport confidence

  Prior achievement

  self regulation - stress control

  climate - atmosphere
• Who created the sport orientation questionaire

  Gill and deeter
• What is the SOQ

  25 item questionaire scale which measures

  competitiveness

  win orientation

  goal orientation
• What did gill and deeter do

  Used the SOQ on a large group of male and female athletes and non athletes.
• What did gill and deeter find

  For athletes, goal orientation was more important than win orientation

  competitiveness is higher in males
• What is imagery

  Way to enhance both self confidence and self efficacy by imagining scenes taking place
• What is MG-A imagery

  Motivation general arousal - athlete should reflect on feelings of stress and anxiety
• What is MG-M imagery

  motivation general mastery- involves seeing ourselves cope with stressful situations
• Why is imagery beneficial

  Enables performer to find best option

  practise and run through routines in their head - privately
• What is the key research

  munroe and chandler
• What was the aim of munroe and chandler 


  To investigate relationship between MG-M and self confidence in soccer players aged 11-14
• Sample of munroe and chandler 


  Opportunity sample of 122 male and female soccer players

  11-14 years old

  from Canada
• How many players in munroe and chandler played elite

  50

  72 played house (non elite)

  3 removed cos level wasn’t known
• What was mynroe and chandlers method

  Correlations study - relationship between imagery use and confidence levels
• Procedure of munroe and chandler

  Consent was obtained

  data was collected over 2 week period in soccer season.

  players completed questionnaires before practice

  asked about gender age and number of years they had played soccer
• What three questionnaires were used by munroe and chandler

  SIQ-C - sport imagery questionaire - measured 5 types of imagery-extent to which they agree

  CTAI -2C - competitive trait anxiety inventory - measured sport confidence and cog anxiety

  SEQ-S - self efficacy questionaire for soccer - measured self efficacy
• Findings of munroe and chandler

  They all had similar correlations despite the individual differences of age and level of play

  gave a positive correlation of 0.66
• Conclusions of munroe and chandler

  Use of MG-M imagery is a strong predictor of self efficacy and self confidence
• What are the two applications

  PETTLEP

  positive self talk
• What does pettlep stand for

  Physical

  environment

  task

  timing

  learn

  emotion

  perspective
• What are the 5 steps of positive self talk 


  Short and special statement

  positive word

  instructional self talk

  friendly affirmations

  repeat