Overview

• What are monomers?

  Smaller, repeating molecules that form polymers
• What are polymers?

  Molecules made from many identical monomers
• What occurs during a condensation reaction?

  Two molecules join, releasing a water molecule
• What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?

  Two molecules separate, using a water molecule
• What is maltose made from?

  Two glucose molecules
• What is the difference between a-glucose and β-glucose?

  OH group position differs at carbon 1
• What are disaccharides?

  Two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
• How are disaccharides formed?

  By a condensation reaction releasing water
• What is the disaccharide sucrose made from?

  Glucose and fructose
• How are polysaccharides formed?

  Many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds
• What is the basic function of starch?

  Energy store in plant cells
• What type of bonds are found in starch?

  1,4- and 1,6-glycosidic bonds
• How does glycogen differ from starch?

  Glycogen is more branched than starch
• Why is starch insoluble in water?

  It prevents osmotic effects in cells
• What is the function of cellulose?

  Provides strength to plant cell walls
• How are cellulose chains structured?

  Linked by hydrogen bonds forming microfibrils
• What is the test for reducing sugars?

  Add Benedict's solution and heat
• What indicates a positive result in the reducing sugars test?

  Green, yellow, orange, or red precipitate
• What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

  Heat with acid, then Benedict's solution
• How do you measure sugar quantity in a solution?

  Use a colorimeter with a calibration curve
• What is the biochemical test for starch?

  Add iodine and observe color change
• What is the structure of a fatty acid?

  Variable R-group and carboxyl group
• What distinguishes saturated from unsaturated fatty acids?

  Saturated has no double bonds; unsaturated does
• How do triglycerides form?

  From glycerol and three fatty acids
• Why are triglycerides good for energy storage?

  High ratio of C-H bonds releases energy
• What is the difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

  Phospholipids have a phosphate group
• How do phospholipids function in cell membranes?

  Form a bilayer restricting water-soluble substances
• What is the test for lipids?

  Add ethanol, then water for emulsion
• What is the general structure of an amino acid?

  Contains amine, carboxyl, and variable group
• How many common amino acids are there?

  Twenty
• How do amino acids join together?

  Through condensation forming peptide bonds
• What is a dipeptide?

  Two amino acids joined together
• What is the primary structure of a protein?

  Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
• What is the secondary structure of a protein?

  Folding patterns like alpha helix or beta sheets
• What causes the secondary structure of proteins?

  Hydrogen bonding between amino acids
• What is a polypeptide?

  Many amino acids joined together
• What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

  Three-dimensional shape formed by folding
• What is the role of peptide bonds?

  Join amino acids in a protein
• What is the function of proteins?

  Perform various functions in organisms
• How do proteins differ in structure?

  By the sequence of amino acids