Overview

• What are the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells?

  Cytoplasm with membrane-bound organelles
• What is the general structure of an animal cell?

  Cell-surface membrane, mitochondrion, nucleus
• What additional structures are found in plant cells compared to animal cells?

  Chloroplast, cell wall, cell vacuole
• What is the structure of the cell-surface membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer with proteins
• What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

  Selectively permeable for substance control
• What is the structure of the nucleus?

  Double membrane with nuclear pores
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Stores genetic information and codes for proteins
• What is the structure of a ribosome?

  Made of ribosomal RNA and protein
• What is the function of a ribosome?

  Site of protein synthesis (translation)
• What is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

  System of membranes with ribosomes
• What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

  Synthesizes and processes proteins
• What is the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

  System of membranes without ribosomes
• What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)?

  Synthesizes and processes lipids
• What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

  Flattened membrane sacs
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies and packages proteins and lipids
• What is the structure of lysosomes?

  Membrane with hydrolytic enzymes
• What is the function of lysosomes?

  Breaks down pathogens and worn-out components
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Outer membrane and inner membrane folds
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Double membrane with thylakoid membranes
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
• What is the structure of the cell wall in plants?

  Composed mainly of cellulose
• What is the function of the cell wall in plants?

  Provides mechanical strength to prevent bursting
• What is the structure of the cell vacuole in plants?

  Tonoplast membrane with cell sap
• What is the function of the cell vacuole in plants?

  Maintains turgor pressure and stores substances
• How are eukaryotic cells organized in multicellular organisms?

  • Eukaryotic cells specialize for specific functions
  • Form tissues: groups of specialized cells
  • Form organs: aggregations of tissues
  • Form organ systems: groups of organs
• How can you explain adaptations of eukaryotic cells using organelles?

  [Named cell] has many [named organelle]
• What are the distinguishing features of prokaryotic cells?

  Cytoplasm lacking membrane-bound organelles
• What is the general structure of prokaryotic cells?

  Cell-surface membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm
• What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells regarding organelles?

  Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles
• What is the difference in DNA structure between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic DNA is long and linear
• Why are viruses described as acellular and non-living?

  They lack cellular structure and metabolism
• What is the general structure of a virus particle?

  Nucleic acids surrounded by a capsid
• What is the function of attachment proteins in viruses?

  Allow attachment to specific host cells
• What do viruses lack compared to living cells?

  No cytoplasm, ribosomes, or organelles
• What is the difference between a capsid and a lipid envelope in viruses?

  Capsid is a protein coat; lipid envelope is a membrane
• What is the structure of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

  Contains murein, a glycoprotein
• What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

  Provides structural support and protection
• What type of ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells?

  Small (70S) ribosomes
• How is prokaryotic DNA structured?

  Short and circular, free in cytoplasm