Formation

• Low temperatures lead to slow decomposition which creates acidic mor hummus.
• High rainfall causing leaking which causes aluminium and iron to be washed downwards. This eluviation leaves an ash grey A horizon.
• These metals gather and cement together, forming an impermeable iron pan which stops drainage.
• Found on steep slopes which allows water to flow freely, encouraging leaking.
• Cold temperatures means there is limited soil biota leading to well defined horizons,
• Parent material is fluvoglacial sands which weather slowly.
• Coniferous needles and cones produce acidic mor hummus.
• Shallow roots mean limited absorption of minerals deep in soil.
• Shallow roots means limited nutrients recycling.