Cont, pun and vic

• Situational crime prevention - Clarke

  • Involve altering the immediate environment of the crime, increasing the effort and risks of committing the crime and reducing the reward
  • Felson - NY Bus Terminal was redesigned to stop vagabonds from washing in sinks
  • Counter - Chaiken found that a crackdown on subway robberies in NY merely displaced them to the streets above
• Environmental crime prevention Wilson and Kelling

  • Environmental improvement strategy - any broken window to be fixed immediately
  • Zero tolerance policing - tackle even the slightest sign of disorder, even if it is not criminal
  • Counter - Ignores social and community prevention strategies
• Prisons changing - Foucault

  • Sovereign power - control was asserted by inflicting disfiguring, visible punishment on the body, under the command of the Monarch
  • Disciplinary power - seeks to govern not just the body but the mind, through surveillance
  • Counter - shift isn't clear and he forgets emotional punishments
• The Panopticon - Foucault

  • Guards can see the prisoners but the prisoners cant see the guards, example of disciplinary power
  • Prisoners therefore behave at all times as they don't know when they are being watched
  • Counter - Goffman says some inmates are able to resist controls, as people become self-disciplining because they cannot be sure they are not being monitored
• CCTV not working - Norris and Koskela

  • Form of panopticism
  • Norris - found that it reduces crimes in car parks but had little effect on other crime, and may cause displacement
  • Koskela - merely an extension of the male gaze as it renders women the subjects of male camera operator's watch and doesn't make them more secure
• Synoptic surveillance - Mathiesen

  • Media has allowed for everyone to watch everyone
  • Thompson - elite fear this as it may uncover damaging things about them and is an act of social control over their activities
  • Mann - people using mobile phones has created surveillance from bellow
  • Counter - law enforcement still has control over this, like how under anti-terrorism laws, police have power to confiscate cameras and phones of 'citizen journalists'