Pharm 120 Module 1.0

• Anatomy 


  identify structure that comprise the lymphatic, integumentary, nervous, skeletal, muscular, immune system

  • including drugs that works at molecular level
  • cells types and functions
• physiology

  • explain the function of each structure involved in the lymphatic, integumentary, nervous, skeletal, muscular, immune system and its relationship with other parts of the body
  • explain cellular and chemical basis of the different processes that take place in each organ in the LINSMI
• pathophysiology

  • functional changes in disease and aging
  • not same as the physiology
• levels of organization

  • chemical level
  • cellular level
  • tissue level
  • organ level
  • system level
  • organismal level
• Integumentary system

  Components:

  skin, hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands
• function of integumentary system

  • protects the body
  • eliminates waste
  • helps make vit. D
  • stores lipids and provide insulation
  • thermogenesis
  • detects sensations
• skin

  • hated by the immune system
  • largest organ in the body
  • primary layer of defense
• skeletal system 


  components:

  • bones
  • joints
  • cartilage
• skeletal system

  functions

  • supports and protects the body
  • provides surface area for muscle attachment
  • aids body movement
  • houses cells that produce blood cells
  • stores minerals and lipids
• muscular system 


  components:

  • skeletal muscle tissue - attached to bones; sends signals to brain if it want to do something
  • cardiac, smooth tissues
• muscular system 


  function:

  • body movement
  • posture
  • heat production
• nervous system


  component:

  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • special sense organs (Eyes, ears)
• nervous system 


  functions:

  • generates action potential to regulate body activities
  • lots of 3d structure
  • chemical messengers, neurotransmitters, and nerves
• lymphatic system


  components:

  • lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels
  • spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils
  • b cells, t cells
• Lymphatic system and Immunity 


  functions:

  • return protein and fluid to blood
  • carries lipid from GI tract to blood, source of maturation of b cells and t cells
• endrocrine system 


  components:

  • hormone producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, parathyroid, suprarenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
• endocrine system 


  functions:

  • regulate body activities by releasing hormones
• respiratory system

  components:

  • lungs, larynx, pharynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
• respiratory system

  functions

  • bring oxygen from inhaled air to blood, co2 from blood to air
  • regulates acid base balance of the body
• digestive system

  components:

  • esophagus, mouth, pharynx, small and large intestine
  • accessory organs: salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
• digestive system 


  function:

  • achieve physical and chemical breakdown of food
  • absorb nutrients
  • eliminates solid waste
• urinary system 


  components:

  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
• urinary system

  functions

  • produces, eliminates, stores urine
  • eliminates waste and regulates volume and chemical composition of the blood
  • maintains acid base balance of body fluids
  • maintains mineral balance
  • helps regulate production of red blood cells
• Genital (reproductive) system

  components:

  • gonads
  • associated organs

  1. uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and mammary glands
  2. epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, penis
• reproductive system 


  functions:

  • gonads produce gametes, and release hormones
  • associated organs transport and store gametes
  • mammary gland produces milk
• basic life processes

  metabolism, responsiveness, movement, reproduction, growth, differentiation
• metabolism 


  sum of all chemical processes

  • anabolism - small to complex (building up)
  • catabolism - complex to small (breaking down)
• responsiveness 


  body's ability to respond to external/internal stimuli
• movement 


  at all levels of organization

  • chemical
  • cellular - how cells move-- cytology
• growth 


  body size increase from cell growth, cell division or both

  • uncontrolled cell growth is cancer
• differentiation

  from unspecialized stem cell to specialized cell
• reproduction

  • not just fertilization
• homeostasis

  • maintaining stability in body's internal environment
  • intracellular vs extracellular

  1. extracellular fluid = body's internal environment
  2. space surrounding body = body's external environment

  A) external environment

  B) internal environment

  
• source of disruptions

  • external environment
  • internal environment
  • interfaces
• effects of homeostasis

  effects of homeostasi

  A) biological

  B) psychological

  C) social and environmental

  D) mental health

  E) response to reward

  F) emotions

  G) drug effects

  H) diet/lifestyle

  
• feedback systems/loops 


  cycle of events where the status of the body is monitored, evaluated, changed, unmonitored, reevaluated
• feedback system/loops

  component

  • receptor - monitors change, sends signal to control center
  • control center - has parameters, cut-off points for the condition monitored
  • effector-receives output, produces response
• feedback/system loops

  • negative feedback - stimulus reverse a change
  • positive feedback - stimulus strengthens a change
• Radiography (xrays)

  • xray>body>xray>film
  • lowest cost
  • cannot localize abnormalities as it only sends xray in one direction

  1. can only be used for screening because resolution is bad

  • occupational hazard
  • hollow organs become filled with x ray media
• Computed tomography (CT)

  • xray source now rotates and encircles the patient
  • can create cross sectional/3d images of the bones, tissue, and organs which are done through computer processing
  • lower cost, much detailed than x rays as it also reveals bones, soft tissues and organs
  • poor resolution and still a hazard due to xray
  • contrast media can be used to make hollow structures visible