Intro to human body

• What is anatomy defined as?

  The science of body structures and relationships
• What was the first method used to study anatomy?

  Dissection
• What is physiology defined as?

  The science of body functions
• What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

  1. Chemical Level

  • Atoms and molecules

  1. Cellular Level

  • Cells as basic units

  1. Tissue Level

  • Groups of cells
  • Four basic tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

  1. Organ Level

  • Organs with specific functions

  1. System Level

  • Related organs with common functions

  1. Organismal Level

  • All body parts functioning together
• What are the four basic types of tissues?

  Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
• What is the organ level of structural organization?

  Organs composed of different tissue types
• What is a system in the context of human anatomy?

  Related organs with a common function
• How many systems are there in the human body?

  11
• What does the digestive system do?

  Breaks down and absorbs food
• What are the noninvasive diagnostic techniques?

  1. Inspection: Observe changes
  2. Palpation: Touch body surfaces
  3. Percussion: Tap and listen to echoes
  4. Auscultation: Listen to body sounds
• What are the six important life processes?

  Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
• What is metabolism?

  Sum of all chemical processes in the body
• What are the two types of metabolism?

  Catabolism and anabolism
• What is responsiveness in living organisms?

  Ability to detect and respond to changes
• What does movement refer to in living organisms?

  Motion of the whole body and its parts
• What is growth in the context of living organisms?

  Increase in body size or cell number
• What is differentiation?

  Development of specialized cells from unspecialized ones
• What is reproduction in living organisms?

  Formation of new cells or individuals
• What is homeostasis?

  • Condition of equilibrium in the body
  • Dynamic condition
  • Narrow range compatible with life
  • Example: Blood glucose levels (70-110 mg/dL)
• Why is maintaining body fluids important for homeostasis?

  It regulates the body's internal environment
• What are the types of body fluids?

  1. Intracellular Fluid (ICF): Fluid within cells
  2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF): Fluid outside cells

  • Interstitial fluid: ECF between cells
  • Blood plasma: ECF in blood vessels
  • Lymph: ECF in lymphatic vessels
  • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): ECF in brain and spinal cord
  • Synovial fluid: ECF in joints
  • Aqueous humor and vitreous body: ECF in eyes
• How does interstitial fluid affect cellular function?

  It regulates the composition for cellular activities
• What can disrupt homeostasis?

  Physical insults, internal changes, physiological stress
• What are the components of a feedback system?

  1. Receptor: Monitors changes in a controlled condition
  2. Control Center: Evaluates input and generates output
  3. Effector: Produces response to change the condition
• What is the role of a receptor in a feedback system?

  Monitors changes and sends input to control center
• What does the control center do in a feedback system?

  Sets range of values and evaluates input
• What is the function of an effector in a feedback system?

  Produces response to change the controlled condition
• What is the difference between negative and positive feedback systems?

  • Negative Feedback: Reverses changes in a controlled condition (e.g., blood pressure regulation)
  • Positive Feedback: Reinforces changes in a controlled condition (e.g., childbirth)
• How does negative feedback regulate blood pressure?

  Baroreceptors detect changes and send impulses
• What happens during positive feedback in childbirth?

  Uterine contractions stimulate oxytocin release
• What are homeostatic imbalances?

  • Disruption of normal body processes
  • Moderate imbalance: disorder or disease
  • Severe imbalance: can lead to death
• What is an autopsy?

  Postmortem examination of the body
• What are the uses of an autopsy?

  Determine cause of death and identify diseases
• What is involved in the diagnosis of disease?

  • Distinguishing one disorder from another
  • Signs and symptoms evaluation
  • Medical history collection
  • Physical examination
• What is basic anatomical terminology?

  • Common language for body structures
  • Standard anatomical position
  • Special vocabulary for body parts
• What is the anatomical position?

  Body upright, standing erect facing forward
• What are subjective changes in symptoms?

  Headache
• What are the areas of science related to symptoms?

  Epidemiology & Pharmacology
• What is an autopsy?

  • Postmortem examination of the body
  • Determines cause of death
  • Identifies undetected diseases
  • Assesses injuries and hereditary conditions
• What is the purpose of diagnosing a disease?

  Distinguishing one disorder from another