RESPROJ

• Research


  Coined from the French word cerhier, which means “seek”. The prefix “re” means to repeat. Literally, RESEARCH is to repeat looking for something. It is a systematic process geared towards working on exhaustive inquiry, investigation or experimentation with the aim of finding new facts (knowledge) in explaining the problems associated with our day-to-day relations with our environments (social, natural, political, economics) and coming up with solutions in facing them. It deals in bringing in something new or novel through analytical reasoning, which the product is an organized knowledge. It is the crux of human development—a human product that is generating more and new products and/or ideas.
• Four Old French Words Of Research

  • Recherche
  • recerchier
• Why Study Research?
• Philosophical Views In Research

  • Post-Positivist
  • Constructivist
  • Transformative
  • Pragmatic
• Approaches in Research

  Qualitative Research - an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. Most common designs: Narrative, Ethnography, Case studies, Grounded theory, Phenomenological. Quantitative Research - an approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables. Most common Designs: Correlational, Descriptive, Experimental, Descriptive Correlational. Mixed Approach - inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, and integrating the two forms of data. Types Of Mixed Approach: Convergent Parallel, Explanatory Sequential, Exploratory Sequential
• General Kind of Research

  • Basic / Fundamental Theoretical or Pure Research
  • Discovery
  • Invention
  • Reflection
  • Applied or Practical Research
• Forms of Applied Research
• Innovation


  Developing and coming up with a new, better, or practical product, process, or technique out of the existing ones
• Types of research

  • Product development
  • Packaging research
• On Farm or On Field Level Research


  Testing theories in the field or limited area of application prior to implementation in large scale
• Developmental Research


  Applying the results of applied or practical research in a wider scope of analysis and interpretation prior to mass implementation or production of outputs or results
• Evaluation or Assessment Research


  Pursuing to find out the worth, merit, or quality of a certain object, program, or project
• Orientational Research


  Advancing an ideological position with a focus on inequality, discrimination, empowering and emancipation of marginalized groups or ideas to eliminate alienation and domination
• Action Research


  Based on the concept that ‘action is both an outcome and a part of research’; Focuses on solving local problems or immediate problematic situations for the practical concerns of the involved people
• Quantitative Research


  Numerical research testing causal relationships between variables, making predictions, and generalizing results to wider populations
• Characteristics of Quantitative Research

  • Objective
  • Clearly defined research questions
  • Structured research instruments
  • Numerical data
  • Large sample sizes
  • Replication
  • Focus on future outcomes
• Additional Characteristics of Quantitative Research

  • Clearly defined research question seeking objective answers
  • Use of numbers and figures
  • Focus on the object of study
  • Collection of numerical data using tools like questionnaires or computer software
  • Results based on representative sample sizes
  • High reliability for replication
• Strengths of Quantitative Research

  • Objectivity
  • Facilitation of sophisticated analyses
  • Comprehension of vital characteristics of data
  • Unique and easy analysis of numerical data
  • Replicability
• Weaknesses of Quantitative Research

  • Requires large number of respondents
  • Costly
  • Ignores contextual factors
  • Difficulty in gathering sensitive information
  • Incomplete or inaccurate data if not done seriously
• Advantages of Quantitative Research

  • Collection of large quantities of data
  • Numerical results considered more objective
  • Provides quantitative measure for grants and proposals
• Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

  • Need for data analysis software
  • Time-consuming analysis with larger samples
  • Time-consuming data collection with larger samples
  • Ignores human element
• Kinds of Quantitative Research

  • Descriptive Research
  • Correlational Research
• Correlational Research


  Systematic investigation of the nature of relationships, or associations between and among variables without necessarily investigating causal reasons underlying them
• Evaluation Research


  Aims to assess the effects, impacts, or outcomes of practices, policies or programs
• Survey Research


  Used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population. It may be cross-sectional or longitudinal
• Causal Comparative Research


  Also known as ex post facto (after the fact research); this research derives conclusions from observations and manifestations that already occurred in the past and now compared to some dependent variables
• Experimental Research


  Utilizes scientific method to test cause and effect relationships under conditions controlled by the researcher
• True Experimental Design

  Randomization of participants from a population to form the sample for the experiment, manipulation by having experimental groups and control or comparison group, random assignment of treatment to groups
• Quasi Experimental Design


  Randomization of participants from a population but restricted to pre-assigned groups, manipulation with the presence of control groups
• Pre-Experimental Design


  No randomization of participants from a population, presence of control group in some cases but usually not, no random assignment of treatment to groups
• Qualitative Research


  • Based on realities and different viewpoints of individuals, designed to understand the variety of behavior and perception of the target audience, explores the meanings that individuals or groups ascribe to social phenomena, results are descriptive rather than predictive
• Characteristics of Qualitative Research


  • Human understanding and interpretation, inductive approach, flexible, contextualized, the researcher is the main instrument, subjective, open-ended questions, wide and in-depth analysis
• Advantages of Qualitative Research


  • In-depth and detailed evaluation of the issues and topics studied, the framework of the study can be revised when information and findings have been collected, data gathered is stronger than those in quantitative research, less costly, wide variety of information can be gathered since questions are open-ended, less number of respondents are needed
• Disadvantages of Qualitative Research

  • Research quality depends on the skills of the researcher, factors are easily influenced by personal judgment and biases of the researcher, validity and reliability of the data are hard to determine, time-consuming, data may sometimes be difficult to interpret, open-ended questions obtain a lot of data which makes it hard for the researcher to sort and transcribe it, requiring longer time to analyze data
• Qualities of a GOOD Qualitative Inquirer


  • Technical competency, utility competency, patience, service, effort, guts and risk, care
• Historical Research


  Systematic study of past events, examines the documents of the past to help researchers understand and connect
• Ethnographic Research


  Involves observing and exploring
• Qualities for research


  • Technical competency
  • Utility competency
  • Patience
  • Service
  • Effort
  • Guts and risk
  • Care
• Kinds Of Qualitative Research

  • Historical Research
  • Ethnographic Research
  • Phenomenological Research
  • Case Study
  • Narrative Analysis
  • Grounded Theory
• Ethnographic Research


  Observing, exploring, documenting, and analyzing the ways and cultural beliefs of a group of people, most especially the indigenous or minority group