Nature of matter

• Matter - anything that takes

  up space and has mass.
• The different phases of matter are solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose-Einstein Condensate, and Fermionic Condensate.
• Solid has definite shape and volume
• tiny particles packed together make up a solid
• Properties of Solids:

  Density

  Crystalline Solids

  Metallic Solids

  Amorphous Solids
• Liquid has no definite shape and assumes the shape of the container, but has definite volume. Particles are also free to move.
• Properties of Liquids:

  Fluidity

  Viscosity

  Temperature

  Surface Tension

  Capillary Action

  Density
• Gas has no definite shape and volume, fills all available space in a container, and particles can be far or close to one another
• Properties of Gases:

  Volume

  Pressure

  Temperature
• Plasma is a gas with charged particles, a very good conductor of electricity, and has no definite shape and volume
• Examples of plasma: Lightning, solar wind, Aurora, nuclear fireball, and fluorescent lights.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate - the exact opposite of plasma, extremely low temperatures or near absolute zero temperature, producing a condensate of gaseous superfluid.
• Examples of Bose-Einstein Condensate: Superfluids (He-4), Gaseous (Gas of Rubidiom atoms), and Quasiparticles.
• Fermionic Condensate - Discovered by NASA, led by Deborah Jin who produced the first on December 2003, is a million degrees below absolute zero
• Examples of Fermionic Condensate: Chiral Condensate, BCS Theory, Quantum chromodynamics/Quark Condensate, and Helium-3 superfluid
• Molecular

  Arrangement:

  Solid - Ordered arrangement in fixed positions and particles are very close to each other.

  Liquid - Disordered arrangement where particles are free to move and are somewhat close to each other.

  Gas - Very disordered arrangement of particles that are far apart, and they move freely in the empty space.
• Appearance and

  ability to Flow:

  Solid - Hard, rigid, does

  not flow

  Liquid - Flow easily Gas - Flows easily
• Compressibility: Solid - Not easily

  compressible

  Liquid - Not easily

  compressible

  Gas - Easily compressible
• Ability to

  Diffuse:

  Solid - Extremely slow rate of diffusion.

  Liquid - Slow rate of diffusion.

  Gas - Fast rate of diffusion.
• Phase change: changes using kinetic energy
• Gas to Liquid: Condensation
• Liquid to Gas: Evaporation
• Gas to Solid: Deposition
• Solid to Gas: Sublimation
• Solid to Liquid: Melting
• Liquid to Solid: Freezing
• There is no change in the chemical composition when a phase change occurs
• The intermolecular forces of attraction are affected in a phase change
• Law of Conservation of Mass: Matter is neither created nor destroyed. Antoine Lavosier in 1789.
• Law of Definite Composition: Chemical compounds have definite ratios of elements. Joseph Proust in 1799.
• Law of Multiple Proportions: When combining two elements, compounds are formed. John Dalton in 1803.
• Chemical Property: How one reacts to air, acid, base, water, and others. how one chemically changes into another in a chemical change
• Physical property: Does the property depend on the amount of substance?


  Intensive property: The same no matter the amount of matter Extensive property: Depends on the amount of matter
• Intensive Property: Color, melting point, boiling point, density, hardness, luster.
• Extensive Property: Mass, Length, Volume, shape, energy, enthalpy
• Physical change - Change in which the matter's

  physical appearance is altered, but composition remains unchanged.
• Chemical change: alters the composition of the original matter. The atoms in compounds are rearranged to make new and different compounds.