UCSP

• Sex


  Biological differences that distinguish humans and other animals into two main categories: male and female
• Gender


  Social, cultural, and psychological characteristics that a culture assigns to males and females
• Two main categories of sex

  • Male
  • Female
• Biological differences between males and females

  • Chromosomal structure (XX for female and XY for male)
  • Hormone production (more testosterone for males and more estrogen for females)
  • Internal and external reproductive organs (penis and testes for males, vagina and ovaries for females)
• Gender Roles


  • Culturally-assigned tasks and activities to sexes
  • Social constructs
• Gender Roles


  • Only males can handle physically demanding activities
  • Females should handle domestic tasks
• Sex Gender System


  Gender and gender roles are associated with one’s biological sex
• In a society with a sex-gender system, males are typically expected to be masculine and females to be feminine. However, these expectations are now challenged, especially in contemporary and modern societies
• Culture


  Largely involved in defining gender in societies
• Cultural Construction of Gender


  Different societies will have varying definitions of masculinity and femininity
• Gender as a cultural construction


  Gender is a product of how societies and their culture adapt to the conditions of their natural and social environment
• Gender is more malleable and changing across societies
• Unlike sex, which is relatively absolute and universal because of biological structures, gender is more malleable and changing across societies
• Culture dictates appropriate characteristics for each gender

  Society propagates these definitions and characteristics
• Gender Inequality is the absence of gender equality, reflected in society
• Gender equality is equal rights and opportunities for girls and boys that help all children fulfill their potential
• Defining Socioeconomic Class


  1. Category that groups people into similar economic, social, cultural, and political status

  2. Economic status refers to the ranking of people based on their income classification

  3. Different occupations and educational attainment influence an individual’s position in a socioeconomic class
• Socioeconomic Class


  • Doctors, lawyers, and other white-collar occupations are considered more prestigious than blue-collar jobs
  • Those with undergraduate or higher academic degrees are admired in society
• Classifying members of society into socioeconomic classes exist across cultures
• The caste system of India determines an individual's social class and status in their society
• Socioeconomic Class in Contemporary Filipino Society according to Zaide (2005)


  • Upper
  • Middle
  • Lower
• Types of Capital


  • Economic Capital
  • Social Capital
  • Cultural Capital
• Various ways by which contemporary Philippine society is divided based on socioeconomic class
• Classification shown in the slide was proposed by Zaide in 2005
• Other scholars have different ways of analyzing Philippine society
• As political, social, and cultural changes occur, conceptions of socioeconomic classes may change as well
• Elaborate on this principle by explaining the socioeconomic classes during the Spanish colonial period
• Socioeconomic Classes during the Spanish colonial period

  • Upper class
  • Middle class
  • Lower class
• Karl Marx: 'Karl Marx proposed a socioeconomic class system that delineates the bourgeois and the proletariat'
• Bourgeois


  Owner of the means of production or the monetary, land, and technological capital, do not have to work yet they accumulate wealth
• Proletariat


  Do not own the means of production, must work and sell their labor power in order to survive
• The bourgeois is the class that owns the “means of production”

  They do not have to work since they gain money from owning and investing their capital
• The proletariat includes anybody who is not an owner of the means of production


  They must work to survive
• In this system of socioeconomic class, the difference between the classes’ economic and social status is clearly evident
• Economic Capital


  Financial resources that an individual possesses, examples include money, assets, properties, and savings
• Social Capital


  Collection or network of an individual’s social relations with people that may be of help in the future, examples include relationships with peers, friends, family, teachers, fellow alums, colleagues, employers, and community members
• Cultural Capital


  Combination of knowledge, behaviors, and skills that an individual has acquired to demonstrate one’s cultural competence and determine one’s social status in society, examples include material capital (sources of knowledge like books and computers) and nonmaterial capital (academic degrees, job titles, religious titles, and other social roles)