Mendel's Law

• The first law is the principle of segregation, which states that during gamete formation, alleles separate from one another so that only one copy of an allele goes into each gamete.
• He observed seven characteristics, including flower color (purple or white), seed shape (round or wrinkled), pod color (green or yellow), stem length (tall or short), leaf shape (smooth or crumpled), flower position (axial or terminal), and flower color (pale purple or dark purple).
• Mendel used pea plants to conduct his experiments.
• The second law is the principle of independent assortment, which states that when two or more pairs of genes are present on different chromosomes, they can be inherited independently of each other.
• Mendel’s third law is called the principle of dominance
• Mendel used pea plants as his model organism because they have simple traits with two distinct forms, making it easy to observe inheritance patterns.
• Inheritance refers to the passing down of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
• Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding dwarf plants and found that all offspring were tall, indicating that the dominant trait was passed on to the next generation.
• Genes are segments of DNA that determine specific traits.
• Alleles are different versions of a gene that can be inherited.
• In the second cross, he crossed purebred tall plants with their F1 hybrid offspring and found that three quarters of the F2 progeny were tall and one quarter were dwarfs.
• Genes are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins, which determine many physical and behavioral traits.
• Inheritance refers to the passing down of traits from parents to offspring through genetic material such as DNA.
• Alleles are alternative forms of a gene that may produce different versions of a trait.
• Dominant Allele - The allele that masks the effects of recessive alleles
• Inheritance refers to how genetic information is passed down from parents to offspring.
• Mendel conducted controlled crosses between purebred parental lines to produce hybrid offspring.
• Purebred parental lines refer to individuals with homozygous genotypes for all traits being studied.
• Alleles are alternative versions of a gene that code for different variations of a trait.
• Dominant alleles mask recessive ones, resulting in only one phenotype being expressed.
• Mendel also observed that some characteristics appeared only in certain generations, such as purple flowers appearing in F2 but not in F1.
• Mendel concluded that there must be something inside cells that determines an individual's characteristics, now known as genes.
• Dominant alleles mask recessive ones and are expressed in heterozygous individuals (carriers).
• Recessive alleles only express themselves if both copies of a gene carry them.
• Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles when both are present in an individual.
• Recessive alleles only express themselves if there are no dominant alleles present.
• Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits expressed by an organism.
• The alleles for height in this case were T (tall) and t (dwarf).
• During fertilization, the alleles combine randomly to form new genotypes in the offspring.
• The law of segregation states that during gamete formation (meiosis), alleles separate into individual gametes so that each gamete receives only one copy of an allele.
• Recessive alleles only express themselves if they are not paired with dominant alleles.
• Dominant alleles mask or hide recessive alleles when both are present in an individual.
• Phenotype is the observable expression or manifestation of an organism's genotype (the combination of alleles) in terms of its characteristics or traits.
• Phenotype is the observable expression of a trait, while genotype is the genetic makeup responsible for the phenotype.
• Each parent passes on two copies of every gene to their child, but only one copy of each gene ends up in any given gamete.
• Mendel's first law states that two factors control every characteristic, and these factors segregate independently into gametes.
• Recessive Allele - An allele that is expressed only when two copies of it are present (homozygous)
• Genotype - The specific combination of genes possessed by an individual organism
• Gametes (eggs or sperm) carry only one copy of each pair of genes.
• The inheritance pattern of a particular trait can be determined by observing its transmission across generations.