M1-M3

• Development


  The pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. It involves growth, decline brought on by aging and dying
• Original Sin


  The view that children were basically bad and born into the world as evil beings
• Tabula Rasa


  The idea, proposed by John Locke, that children are like a "blank tablet"
• Innate Goodness


  The idea, presented by Swiss-born philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, that children are inherently good
• Factors influencing context


  • Historical, economic, social, and cultural factors
• Culture


  Behavior patterns, beliefs passed on from generation to generation
• Domains of Development


  • Physical Development
  • Cognitive Development
  • Psychosocial Development
• Conceptions of Age


  • Chronological Age
  • Biological Age
  • Psychological Age
  • Social Age
• Perspective #1: Psychoanalytic


  View of human development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior
• Psychosexual development


  An unvarying sequence of stages of childhood personality development in which gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus and then to the genitals
• Psychosocial development


  The socially and culturally influenced process of development of the ego, or self
• Perspective #2: Learning


  View of human development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or from adaptation to the environment
• Behaviorism


  Learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of the environment in causing observable behavior
• Classical Conditioning


  Learning based on associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response
• Operant Conditioning


  Learning based on the association of behavior with its consequences
• Reinforcement


  The process by which a behavior is strengthened, increasing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
• Social Learning Theory


  Theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating models
• Reciprocal determinism


  Bandura's term for bidirectional forces that affect development
• Self-efficacy


  Sense of one's capability to master challenges and achieve goals
• Perspective #3: Cognitive


  View that thought processes are central to development
• Cognitive-Stage Theory


  Piaget's theory that children's cognitive development advances in a series of four stages involving qualitatively distinct types of mental operations
• Assimilation/Accommodation


  As children assimilate new information and experiences, they eventually change their way of thinking to accommodate
• Sociocultural Theory


  Theory of how contextual factors affect children's development
• Zone of Proximal Development


  Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help
• Scaffolding


  Temporary support to help a child master a task
• Information-Processing Approach
• Information-Processing Approach


  Approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
• Bioecological Theory


  Urie Bronfenbrenner's approach to understanding processes and contexts of human development that identifies five levels of environmental influences
• Ethology


  Study of distinctive adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of the species
• Evolutionary Psychology


  Application of Darwinian principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior
• Periods of Development


  • Prenatal
  • Infancy
  • Early Childhood
  • Middle and Late Childhood
  • Adolescence
  • Early Adulthood
  • Middle Adulthood
  • Late Adulthood
• Contexts of Development


  • Family
  • Socioeconomic Status and Neighborhood
  • Culture and Race/Ethnicity
• Normative Influences


  Characteristic of an event that occurs in a similar way for most people in a group
• Normative age-graded influences


  • Highly similar for people in a particular age
• Normative history-graded influences


  • Significant events that shape the behavior and attitudes of a historical generation
• Historical Generation


  • A group of people strongly influenced by a major historical event during their formative period
• Cohort
• Baby Boomers are a historical generation strongly influenced by the post-World War II economic boom and the cultural shifts of the 1960s and 1970s
• Cohort


  A group of people born at the same time
• Millennials (born approximately 1981-1996) are a cohort born within the same time frame, sharing similar experiences and cultural influences such as the rise of the internet, globalization, and economic uncertainty