DIAGNOSTIC TESTS AND PROCEDURES

• Invasive diagnostic test


  Any medical test that requires physicians to physically enter the body using instrumentation
• Bronchoscopy


  Doctors look at lungs and air passages using a bronchoscope passed through the nose or mouth into the lungs of the patient
• Abdominal contrast-enhanced ultrasound


  Uses gas-filled microbubbles to visualize organs and blood vessels in the abdomen and pelvis
• Blood test


  Laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample extracted from a vein or via fingerprick
• Endoscopy


  Minimally invasive procedure assessing the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body
• Non-invasive diagnostic test


  No break in the skin or contact with mucosa, skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or artificial body orifice
• Ultrasound (Sonography)


  Uses sound waves to produce images of the inside of the body, helping diagnose various conditions
• 1. Ray


  Common imaging test to view the inside of the body without incisions
• Eye Examination


  Series of tests assessing vision and ability to focus on objects, performed by eye specialists
• CT Scan


  Combines X-ray images from different angles to create cross-sectional images of bones, blood vessels, and soft tissues inside the body
• CT scan images provide more-detailed information than plain X-rays do
• CT Scan is used if there are implanted metal in the body

  It will not interfere with the implanted metal in the body
• A claustrophobic patient can use CT Scan instead of MRI

  CT Scan doesn’t have a closed surface while being examined using a beam of X-Rays
• MRI


  • It uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body
  • No implanted metal is allowed as it will interfere with the entire procedure process
  • It is used to examine almost any parts of the body including brain, spinal cord, bones, joints, breast, heart, blood vessels, internal organs such as liver, womb, or prostate gland
  • If the patient has claustrophobia, this procedure is not allowed
• Sputum is the mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea
• Sputum Collection


  1. Client needs to cough and expectorate it

  2. Indications: Culture and Sensitivity, Cytology, To identify cancer in the lung and its specific cell type, Acid-fast Bacillus (AFB) to identify the presence of TB, To assess the effectiveness of therapy
• Nursing Responsibilities for Sputum Collection

  • Ensuring appropriate collection of samples
  • Precise sample identification
  • Making sure all selected supplies are suitable for collection
  • Timely transfer of specimen to the lab
  • Patient interaction
  • Label the specimen collected
  • Write the patient’s name, medical record number, specific area where the patient belongs, age, date, and time
• Complete Blood Count (CBC)


  1. It is a blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders including anemia, infection, and leukemia

  2. Indications: To review overall health, diagnose a medical condition, monitor a medical condition, monitor medical treatment
• Normal Values for CBC

  • RBC: Male - 4.5-5.3 million/mm3, Female - 4.1-5.1 million/mm3, Hemoglobin: Male - 13.8-18 g/dl, Female - 12-16 g/dl, Hematocrit (Hct): Male - 37-49%, Female - 36-46%, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): M - 78-100 um3, F - 78-102 um3, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): 25-35 pg, Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): 31-37%, White Blood Cell Count (WBC): 4,500-11,000/mm3, Platelet Count: 150,000-350,000/mm3
• Test for Glucose


  Indications: To determine or monitor blood glucose levels of clients at risk for hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, To promote blood glucose regulation by the client, To evaluate the effectiveness of insulin administration
• Assessment for Glucose Test


  Before obtaining a capillary blood specimen, determine the frequency and type of testing, the client’s understanding of the procedure, the client’s response to previous testing, assess the skin at the puncture site to determine if it is intact and the circulation is not compromised, check color, warmth, and capillary refill
• Types of Glucose Tests

  • Fasting Blood Sugar Test: A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast (8 hrs), Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: Fasting overnight, then drink a sugary liquid and test blood sugar levels periodically for the next two hours, Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C) Test: Indicates average blood sugar level for the past two to three months
• Normal Values for Glucose Tests


  • RBS: Random blood sugar test - Normal: 79–160 mg/dl, Pre-diabetes: 160–200 mg/dl, Diabetes: > 200 mg/dl, FBS: Fasting Blood Sugar Test - Normal: 100 mg/dL, Prediabetes: 100 to 125 mg/dL, Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate tests, Oral Glucose Test - Normal: <140 mg/dL, Pre-diabetes: 140 -199 mg/dL, Diabetes: >200 mg/dL after two hours, HbA1c: Normal: < 5.75%, Prediabetes: 5.7-6.4%, Diabetes: > 6.5% on two separate tests
• Lipid Profile


  Measures the amount of cholesterol and other fats in the blood
• Pre-diabetes levels


  • 140-199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L)
• Diabetes level


  • >200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
• HbA1c levels
• Cholesterol profile


  • Total cholesterol
  • LDL ("bad") cholesterol
  • HDL ("good") cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
• Factors needed for Lipid Profile


  • Family history of stroke or heart diseases
• Cholesterol preparation and normal ranges

  1. NPO for 10-12 hrs (no food and water)

  2. Normal range: 150-200 mg/dl
• HDL normal ranges


  1. M: 35-65 mg/dl

  2. F: 35-80 mg/dl
• LDL normal range


  <130 mg/dl
• Triglycerides preparation and normal range

  1. NPO for 10-12 hrs

  2. Normal: <150 mg/dl
• Factors that can increase Creatinine

  Cimetidine, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Chemotherapy drugs, Cephalexin, Cefuroxime
• Serum Creatinine normal ranges

  1. F: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL

  2. M: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL
• Serum Albumin Test indications

  1. To assess liver and kidney function

  2. Insulin, steroids, and growth hormones may affect the results

  3. Normal: 3.4-5.4 g/dl
• Blood Uric Acid indication

  To diagnose gout and kidney stones
• Factors that may interfere with Uric Acid test results


  Alcohol, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, High levels of vitamin C, Dyes used in X-ray tests
• Blood Urea Nitrogen indication


  To measure the amount of nitrogen in the blood from the waste product urea
• Transferrin function


  Transports iron in the blood