MATM

• The main components of the learning process are attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Statistics


  It came from the Latin word “status” which means state. It was used by state leaders in ancient times to know how much tax to levy their subjects and how many soldiers are needed in an expected war. In capitalism, leaders of the state and capitalists are interested in statistical surveys for increased benefits such as insurance
• Data in statistics


  It is always a result of experiment, observation, investigation, and other means. It often appears as a numerical figure and is evaluated to make it into useful knowledge
• For most people, “statistics” is a scary thing that must be avoided as much as possible because they think that it is a collection of numbers and vague formulas
• People apply statistics in their everyday life without noticing, such as to the amount of food they eat, how much money was in their purse, how far is their work area to respective homes, color of their hair, number of rebounds and assists of a player in a basketball game, their height, gender, and so on
• Statisticians develop and apply appropriate methods in collecting and analyzing data
• Statisticians


  They guide the design of the research study and then analyze the results. The interpretation of the result is the basis of the statistician in making inferences about the population
• Division of statistics


  • Descriptive Statistics
  • Inferential Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics


  • Deals with the collection and presentation of data and collection of summarizing values to describe its group characteristics. The most common summarizing values are the measure of central tendency and variation
• Inferential Statistics


  • Deals with the predictions and inferences based on the analysis and interpretation of the results of the information gathered by the statistician. Some of the common statistical tools of inferential statistics are the t-test, z-test, analysis of variance, chi-square, and Pearson r
• Types of variables


  • Categorical or qualitative
  • Numerical or quantitative
  • Discrete variables
  • Continuous variables
• Discrete variables


  • Values obtained by counting
• Continuous variables


  • Values obtained by measuring, all of which cannot be put into a list because they can have any value in some interval of real numbers
• Scales of measurements


  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
• Nominal scale


  • Classifies elements into two or more categories or classes, the numbers indicating that the elements are different but not according to order or magnitude
• Ordinal scale


  • A scale that ranks individuals in terms of the degree to which they possess a characteristic of interest
• Interval scale


  • In addition to ordering scores from high to low, it also establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that any equal distance between two scores is of equal magnitude. There is no absolute zero in this scale
• Ratio scale


  • In addition to being an interval scale, it also has an absolute zero
• Population


  Defined as groups of people, animals, places, things, or ideas to which any conclusions based on characteristics of a sample will be applied
• Sample


  A subgroup of the population
• Parameter


  • A numerical measure that describes a characteristic of the population
• Statistic


  • Numerical measure that is used to describe a characteristic of a sample