anatomical location and orientation

• anterior 


  front of animal or front of head
• caudal


  tail of animal
• coronal

  cut vertically from crown down

  
• dorsal


  "back" of four legged animal or in humans "above"
• frontal


  frontal view (duh)
• horizontal


  cut along the horizon

  
• inferior


  below
• lateral


  to the side
• medial


  in the middle
• posterior


  back or animals tail
• rostral


  toward the beak
• sagittal section


  cut through the middle
• superior


  above
• ventral


  belly of an animal or inferior for human brain
• ipsilateral


  structures on the same side
• contralateral


  structures on opposite sides
• bilateral


  structures that occur in each hemisphere
• proximal


  structures that are close to one another
• distal


  structures that are far from each other (think D for distance)
• the red section is the frontal lobe

  
• the blue section is the parietal lobe (think parent so above)

  
• the green section is the occipital lobe

  
• the yellow section is the temporal lobe

  
• the 3 main arteries that send blood to the cerebrum are the middle cerebral artery, the anterior cerebral artery, and the posterior cerebral artery
• disinhibition theory

  alcohol depresses the rational cortex and the beastly sub cortex dominates behaviour
• time out theory


  when people drink they take a time out from social norms
• alcohol myopia


  when drinking, people respond to immediate cues and tend to ignore cues distant in time and space
• 3 features of an advanced state of SUD

  escalation, compulsive drug taking, relapse
• psychomotor activation

  person who uses drugs feels like they have energy and in control. This applies almost all drugs.
• historical explanation of explaining drug use

  hedonia hypothesis
• according to the incentive sensitization hypothesis, liking my come from:

  opioid activation in the brainstem
• according to the incentive sensitization hypothesis, wanting may come from:

  the mesolimbic DA system
• what drug shows the strongest relationship with its use and brain damage?

  MDMA
• what is "brainbow?"


  a form of genetic engineering showing different cells fluoresce as different colours.
• what is the main issue when comparing non-human to human research?

  language
• 3 common neuropsychological tests of memory

  corsi block tapping, mirror drawing task and test of recent memory
• the 4 most common brain manipulations are:

  drugs, optogenetics, brain lesions, brain stimulation
• what is the movement recovery task

  rats experience what is equivalent to a stroke, so reaching is observed to track recovery. the problem with this task is that rats move very quickly and are difficult to observe
• what is recorded in a single cell recording?

  action potentials
• what is shown by an EEG?

  summed graded potentials of thousands of cells