Animal nutrition

• What is Balanced diet?

  It is the taking in of nutrients in the correct amount to provide energy and development, according to age, gender and physical activity
• What are autotrophs?

  Organism that can make their own food by photosynthesis, such as plants
• What are heterotrophs?

  Organisms that obtain organic compounds by feeding/eating plants/other animals
• What are Macromolecules

  Large molecules
• Definition of peristalsis

  Waves of contraction and relaxation of the muscle walls of the elementary canal
• What is Ingestion

  Taking in a food through the mouth
• What is Digestion

  Breaking down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones using enzymes
• What is absorption?

  Movement of small molecules from walls of the small intestine into blood
• What is assimilation?

  movement of the digestive food molecules into cells to become part of the cell
• What is Egestion?

  Removal of undigested food molecules out of the rectum through the anus form of feces
• Ileum

  Long and coiled with inner folding to provide large surface area for maximum absorption of digested food molecules
• Diarrhea

  Excess loss of water and salts in watery feces
• Deamination

  Breakdown of excess amino acids, by removal of nitrogen containing part, in the liver, producing area
• Destruction

  Breakdown of old red blood cells in the liver, produce bile pigments excreted in feces
• Detoxification

  Breakdown of drugs, such as alcohol into in toxic form
• Deactivation

  Breakdown of hormones after carrying their function
• What are the common elements between carbohydrates proteins and fats?

  Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Carbohydrates building unit

  Glucose
• Importance of carbohydrates

  Source of energy

  Used for muscle division

  Cell division

  Active transport

  Maintain a constant body temperature

  Nerve impulse transmission

  Manufacture of large molecules
• Fate of excess of carbohydrates


  Excess glucose

  In plants stored as starch to make cellulose in cell wall

  In animals stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle cells
• What are proteins building unit and extra element?

  Building unit is amino acids

  Extra element is nitrogen
• Importance of proteins

  For growth and tissue repair

  Formation of protein molecules

  enzymes

  Antibodies

  Hemoglobin

  Part of the cell membrane such as protein carriers, protein channels and receptors

  Some hormones such as insulin and glycogen
• Fate of excess of proteins

  Excess amino acids are decimated/broken down
• Fat building units

  3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
• Importance of fat

  Source of stored energy

  Thermal insulation

  Part of the cell membrane

  Protect vital organs

  Some hormones such as testosterone and oestrogen
• Fate of excess of fat

  Fatty layer under the skin

  Cholesterol, increase risk of coronary heart disease
• Consequences of excess fat intake

  Excess fat buildup on wall of arteries

  Narrowing of arteries and reduce elasticity of walls

  Blood pressure increases

  Reducing blood supply to heart muscle

  so less oxygen and glucose

  so less Respiration

  So less energy for heart muscle, to keep contracting

  Increase risk of clotting

  Stopping blood supply to heart muscle

  Causing heart attack
• Why is fiber important in our diet?

  Stimulates peristalsis

  Reduce risk of constipation

  Reduce risk of colon cancer
• Function of peristalsis

  Ways of contraction and relaxation of muscle wall in the elementary canal

  For squeezing and pushing food forward

  Bolus is pushed down the esophagus

  And food in small Einstein
• Water

  Medium to activate enzymes

  Keep our body temperature constant

  Plays a role in digestion
• What are the two types of vitamins?

  Vitamin C and vitamin D
• Vitamin C

  Helps in the formation of substances collagen which strengthens the blood vessels

  Deficiency-scurvy, bleeding gum and poor healing of wounds
• Vitamin D

  Helps in the absorption of calcium into bones to strengthen bone and teeth
• What is vitamin D and calcium deficiency?

  Rickets and children, fragile bones in adults, muscle cramps and weakened immune system
• What are the two types of minerals?

  iron and calcium
• Iron

  Needed to make hemoglobin in red blood cells

  Deficiency- anemia which is less oxygen to body cells, so less energy, so pale skin, fatigue, and breathlessness
• Calcium

  Build strong bones and teeth

  Plays a role in blood clotting
• DNA Structure

  Made from two strands

  From nucleotides

  Has four different types of bases (A, T, G, C)

  Pair up according to complimentary base pairing rule

  two strands held together by hydrogen bonds

  They twist and form of double helix
• Role of DNA

  Carries genetic code to code for specific protein, carry genes to be inherited
• Protein synthesis/mRNA

  mRNA formed inside nucleus by transcription

  mRNA Carrie copy of gene

  Leave nucleus to nuclear pores

  to Ribosomes in cytoplasm

  translocation occurs

  mRNA attaches to ribosomes

  mRNA then code for specific sequence of amino acids

  ribosomes assemble amino acids, forming protein molecule