Unit 11: Evolution (QUIZ)

• endosymbiotic theory: idea that organelles from eukaryotic cells were made from prokaryotic cells and engulfed by larger prokaryotic cells
• taxonomy: scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name and group them based on physical similarities
• carolus linnaeus: developed a two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature
• organisms are placed in the same species if they can mate and produce fertile offspring
• phylogeny: the evolutionary history of an organism (evolutionary classification)
• life is divided by three domains; bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
• phylogenic (evolutionary) tree: a diagram used to predict evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
• branch points (nodes - evolutionary tree) show new species diverging from the common ancestor
• tips (terminal nodes - evolutionary tree) represent current organisms
• the root - show a common ancestor that all organisms on the tree evolved from
• Lamarck proposed the theory of acquired characteristics: individuals acquire traits during their lifetime and pass their traits to offspring
• weismann: disproved lamarcks theory of acquired characteristics
• biogeography: the study of locations of organisms around the world
• fossils: preserved impressions or remains of organisms (powerful evidence)
• comparative dating: does not give an exact date
• radioactive dating: actual date fo the fossil
• comparative anatomy: examine internal and external structures to find similarities and differences
• homologous structures: structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
• analogous structures: structures in different species that are similar in function but not in structure
• convergent evolution: same for a common function but not derived from a common ancestor
• vestigial structure: reduced in size and seems to be left over from a previous ancestor (structures that were no longer needed)
• embryology: the study of embryos and their development
• comparative biochemistry: comparison of genes (DNA/RNA) and proteins to determine if there is an evolutionary relationship
• comparative cytology: the study of similar organelles in a cell
• hugo de vries: discovered mutations
• heterotroph hypothesis: help describe how life may have begun on earth
• linnaeus's system of classification: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
• organisms are placed in the same species if they can mate and produce fertile offspring