linguistics

• Word classes

  • Nouns
  • Verbs
  • Adjectives
  • Adverbs
  • Pronouns
  • Prepositions
  • Conjunctions
  • Determiners
• Open class


  Classes open to change from one to another, productive
• Closed class


  Classes that are fixed and cannot change
• In a specific context, a closed class word can be transferred to an open class
• Noun sub-divisions

  • Proper nouns
  • Common nouns (concrete, abstract, collective)
• Countable nouns


  Take many plural qualifiers
• Uncountable nouns


  Take some, little, any, much as plural qualifiers, always take singular verbs, cannot be pluralised
• Compound noun types


  • Noun + noun
  • -ing form/adj + noun
  • Noun + adverb
  • Verb + adverb particle
• Determiner types

  • Articles (definite, indefinite)
  • Demonstrative pronouns
  • Possessive pronouns
• Fact adjectives


  Obvious and true
• Opinion adjectives


  Based on opinion, can shift into facts
• Adjective order

  • Size
  • Age
  • Shape
  • Colour
  • Origin
  • Material
• Comparatives

  2 objects, use 'er'/more
• Superlatives


  3 or more objects, use 'est'/most
• Adverb types

  • Time
  • Place
  • Manner
  • Frequency
  • Degree
• Adverbial


  A clause element containing an adverb of time, place or manner
• Fronted/initial adverbials are placed at the start of a sentence for effect
• Pronoun types


  • Subject
  • Object
  • Possessive
  • Reflexive
• One pronoun has shifted from plural to singular due to sociocultural situation
• 'She is now ready to meet you', becomes, 'Now, she is ready to meet you'
• In Paris, we fell in love
• Carefully, she opened the letter
• Pronouns


  • Singular
  • Plural
• Singular pronouns

  • 1st person
  • 2nd person
  • 3rd person
• Plural pronouns

  • 1st person
  • 2nd person
  • 3rd person
• Pronoun types


  • Subject
  • Object
  • Possessive
  • Reflexive
• Subject Pronoun


  Replaces a proper noun when it is the subject of the sentence
• Object Pronoun

  Replaces a proper nouns when it is the object of the sentence (not the main person in the sentence)
• Reflexive Pronoun


  Used mostly for emphasis
• One pronoun is been given the ability to shift from plural to singular because of the sociocultural situation we are in; 'they'. It has open class properties
• Indefinite Pronouns

  • someone
  • somebody
  • nobody
  • no one
  • everybody
  • everyone
  • anyone
  • anything
  • everything
  • nothing
• Relative Pronouns


  • who
  • whom
  • whose
  • which
  • that
• Interrogative Pronouns


  • who
  • whose
  • which
  • that
• Conjunctions (connectives)

  • Co-ordinating
  • Subordinating
• Co-ordinating conjunctions


  • For
  • And
  • Nor
  • But
  • Or
  • Yet
  • So
• Subordinating conjunctions


  Because, although, until, unless
• Verb voices


  • Active
  • Passive
• Verb types


  • Main verb
  • Auxiliary
• 'to' Infinitive


  When the 'to' is removed, the root form. 'have', 'do'. In a sentence it's rarely used as its always conjugated. It is mostly used as an imperative
• Past Participle

  • -en
  • -ed