chemistry (by spec)💚

• in ionic bonding, metal atoms lose their outermost electron to form positive ions (cations)
• ionic compounds are formed when metals react with non-metals
• the more electrons an atom has, the larger its atomic radius
• non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions (anions).
• the lattice structure is the arrangement of ions in space.
• ionic compounds are formed when cations and anions combine.
• ionic compounds are formed when cations and anions combine.
• the cation is always smaller than the anion
• the cation is always smaller than the anion
• the cation is always smaller than the anion
• ionic bonds have high melting points because they require lots of energy to break them apart
• ionic bonds have high melting points because they require lots of energy to break them apart
• ionic bonds have high melting points because they require lots of energy to break them apart
• ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved as there are free ions that can carry charge
• ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved as there are free ions that can carry charge
• ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved as there are free ions that can carry charge
• when two elements combine to make a compound, they share electrons between them
• when two elements combine to make a compound, they share electrons between them
• when two elements combine to make a compound, they share electrons.
• This is good for higher and Foundation Tier double combined Trilogy and triple separate chemistry that's topics 1 to five atoms bonding quantitative chemistry and chemical and energy changes
• Substances are made of atoms, the different types of atoms are represented in the periodic table by a symbol
• Compound


  A substance that contains two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together
• For every one oxygen atom there are two hydrogen atoms
• If there's no number after a symbol, there's an invisible one there
• Chemical reactions


  Atoms change what they're bonded to and how they're bonded
• Word equation


  A way to represent a chemical reaction
• Chemical equation


  A way to represent a chemical reaction using symbols
• Atoms are not created or destroyed in any chemical reaction, there must be the same number of each type of atom on both sides
• Balancing chemical equations


  Start balancing atoms that are only in compounds, then balance the remaining elements
• A mixture is any combination of any different types of elements and compounds that aren't chemically bonded together
• Separating mixtures


  1. Filtration

  2. Crystallization

  3. Distillation
• Physical processes


  Do not create new substances, only separate existing ones
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Gases


  • Can be compressed, particles are far apart and move randomly
• Solids and liquids


  • Cannot be compressed, particles are close together
• Melting and evaporation


  Require energy, usually in the form of heat, to overcome electrostatic forces of attraction between particles
• Physical changes do not break chemical bonds
• Plum pudding model of the atom

  A positive charge with lots of little electrons dotted around it
• Protons and neutrons


  Have a relative mass of 1, electrons have a very small mass
• Atomic number


  The number of protons in the nucleus, determines the element