Reading Writing

• Weak unity


  • When I first brought my cat home from the humane society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. It cost a lot to adopt her: forty dollars. And then I had to buy litter, a litterbox, food, and dishes for her to eat out of. Two days after she came home with me she got taken to the pound by the animal warden. There's a leash law for cats in Fort Collins. If they're not in your yard they have to be on a leash. Anyway, my cat is my best friend. I'm glad I got her. She sleeps under the covers with me when it's cold. Sometimes she meows a lot in the middle of the night and wakes me up, though.
• Strong unity


  • When I first brought my cat home from the Humane Society she was a mangy, pitiful animal. She was so thin that you could count her vertebrae just by looking at her. Apparently she was declawed by her previous owners, then abandoned or lost. Since she couldn't hunt, she nearly starved. Not only that, but she had an abscess on one hip. The vets at the Humane Society had drained it, but it was still scabby and without fur. She had a terrible cold, too. She was sneezing and sniffling and her meow was just a hoarse squeak. And she'd lost half her tail somewhere. Instead of tapering gracefully, it had a bony knob at the end.
• Sentence unity


  • Consistent in the use of tenses
  • Consistent in point of view (First, Second, and Third person point of view)
  • Consistent use of persons of pronouns
  • Consistent use of subject
  • Consistent use of Voice (Active or Passive voice)
  • Consistent use of mood (Indicative and Subjunctive Moods)
  • Consistent use of Language
• Weak coherence


  • The hotel is famous. It is one of the most well-known hotels in the country. The latest international dancing competition was held at the hotel. The hotel spent a lot of money to advertise the event. Because the hotel wanted to gain international reputation. But not many people attended the event.
• Strong coherence


  • The hotel, which is one of the most well-known hotels in this region, wanted to promote its image around the world by hosting the latest international dancing competition. Although the event was widely advertised, not many people participated in the competition.
• Explicit claim


  Directly, precisely and clearly stated, analyzing what a writer or speaker is trying to explain based on what he or she actually says. Can be easily identified by linking it to the claim by the word or concept "because."
• Implicit claim

  Not directly stated, and it is assertions that can be retrieved by reading between the lines. Often infer values, and values are often dependent on context.
• Explicit claim


  • Johnny is "guilty of murder" because He killed Jose.
• Implicit claim


  • He shot him on purpose
  • The shooting was not justified
• Proving an explicit claim is easy and can be done with references to facts, but proving implicit claim requires context
• Argument


  Consists of the main idea or the thesis which attempts to present or defend an issue, reasons or premises, and claims
• Types of claims


  • Claims of fact
  • Claims of policy
  • Claims of value
• Claim of fact


  A statement that has existed (past), exists (present) or will exist (future). Used to support factual evidence that is sufficient, reliable and appropriate.
• Claims of fact


  • HIV is still the on the top list of deadliest viruses in the world
  • The Department of Education implements the modular learning as per response to the IATF recommendations
• Claim of policy


  Provide a solution or another series of questions in response to the claims of fact. Often procedural, organized plans.
• Claims of policy


  • The Philippine government should focus on the improvement of its healthcare system
  • The Dean of the College of Education must present the student-teacher's case studies in the forum
• Claim of value


  Usually lead to essays that evaluate. Examine the topic in terms of phrases like "it is better to..., it is unethical that..., it is wrong to..., it is more beautiful than..." Involve judgments, appraisals and evaluations. Have a bias of sorts and often embedded in social, religious, and/or cultural values.
• Claims of value


  • Animal testing is the worst way to check medical products
  • Abortion is immoral
  • Death penalty is unjust
  • Surrogacy is inherently exploitative and unethical
• TEXT EVIDENCE - use specific examples from a text (such as quotations) to help support your own claims and ideas. It is important because it your words validity and strength, proving that you did, in fact, read and understand that text for yourself.
• Evidence will not be the same as claims, evidence can be one or a set of fact while Claims is an assertion of belief about what is true or what should be.
• Textual Evidence

  • uses facts to make it's point
  • without text you are making empty claims without any support to back them up; unreliable writer.
• Characteristics of good textual evidence:

  • PRECISE - it is based on accurate proofs just like numbers (statistics), exact quotations, etc.
  • Descriptive - presenting a factual observation of something or someone
  • Factual - based on truth
• PROCESS IN WRITING TEXTUAL LITERATURE:

  1. State your idea: Express the thoughts that you have in the text.
  2. Cite what in the text led you to that idea: Give supporting statements to your evidence you can quote or paraphrase the text.
  3. Explain the Evidence: Explain how the quote(s) or paraphrase(s) you pointed out support your idea.
• Here are the initial phrases for citing evidence:

  • The author said ...
  • According to the text ...
  • For example ...
  • Based on ...
  • For instance ...
  • From the reading, I know ...
  • The quote that shows this is ...
  • This demonstrates _______ because ...
  • This evident because ...
  • This proves because ..
• Other Types of Evidence :

  • Anecdotal
  • Testimonial
  • Statistical
  • Analogical
• PARAGRAPH

  • a group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit.
  • group of sentences that support one main idea, and a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences
• PARAGRAPH COHESION - means that every sentences in the paragraph sticks, together, linking together in a continues line of thought that is establishing unity of idea.
• UNITY - The paragraph is about ONLY ONE main topic: the topic sentence, the supporting details, and the concluding sentence should focus on only one idea.
• The topic sentence should identify the main idea and point of the paragraph
• SUPPORTING DETAILS in the paragraph (the sentences other than the topic sentence) will develop or explain the topic sentence. Read all the supporting details in the paragraph and think about the ideas they discuss
• COHERENCE - All the ideas in the paragraph flow smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence
• Thesis Statement

  • is one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay.
  • establish both the relationship between the ideas and the order in which the material will be presented
  • serves as a guide in developing a coherent argument.
  • you are not simply describing or recapitulating the material; you are taking a specific position that you need to defend.
• A well-written thesis is a tool for both the writer and reader, reminding the writer of the direction of the text and acting as a " road sign " that lets the reader know what to expect.
• PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT PATTERN

  • NARRATIVE PARAGRAPHS ( tells a story) (Chronological Order - events must be ordered according to time)
  • Descriptive Paragraphs (tell what something looks like physically) (Spatial Ordering)
  • Expository Paragraphs (explain something)(Logical ordering – supporting sentences follow a logical pattern)
• COHESION - All the supporting sentences connect to each other and to the topic sentence
• COHESION

  • Paragraph transitions are also important. Transitional words and phrases connect sentences and paragraphs.
  • Paragraph transitions suggest a particular relationship between one idea and the next
• COHESIVE DEVICES

  • It is sometimes called linking words, linkers, connectors, discourse markers, or transitional words. It shows the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech
• Addition

  • again
  • also
  • and
  • and then
  • equally
  • further(more)
  • in addition (to...)
  • indeed
  • in fact
  • moreover
  • too
  • what is more
• COMPARISON

  • compared with
  • in comparison with
  • similarly
  • likewise
  • again
  • also
• CONTRAST

  • besides
  • but
  • however
  • in contrast
  • instead
  • conversely
  • it may be the case that
  • certainly
  • naturally
  • nevertheless
  • of course
  • on the contrary