ENGLISH 3RD

• Grace Ogot is a Kenyan nurse, author, journalist, politician, & diplomat, and one of the 1st Kenyan English-speaking writers to be published
• Ray Bradbury is an American novelist, shortstory writer, essayist, playwright, screenwriter, and poet, who started writing his stories during The Great Depression
• Modal Auxiliary Verb


  Used along with a main verb to express possibility, ability, permission, or necessity
• Commonly Used Modals

  • shall/will/must/can - complete certainty
  • should/ought - probability
  • may/might - possibility/permission
  • might not/could - weak possibility
  • can/could - ability/permission
  • shall/should - suggestion
  • will/would - request
  • must - necessity/obligation
• News Article

  A written piece that discusses current and relevant events, people, places, topics. The purpose is to disseminate information, and it should be informative and not partial, objectively addressing the 5W's and 1H.
• Parts of a News Article

  • Headline or Title - idea about the story
  • Byline - states the name of the reporter
  • Lead - refers to the first sentence/s of the story, meant to encapsulate
  • Body - includes supporting paragraphs; it may contain quotations from all the interviews
  • Ending - the solution or something to think about
• Parts of a News Papers and Its Meaning

  • General News - contains most important news both here and abroad; found on the front page; printed in big bold letters (banner headline)
  • Local and Foreign News Section - news from the towns and cities. another part contains news abroad
  • Editorial Page - called editorials. views or opinions of the editor or publisher on certain issues or events
  • Sports Page - events in and out of the country
  • Classified Ads Section - contains advertisements. personal and legal notices are also found here
  • Business and Finance Section - provides businessmen and people interested with information on banking, ForEx rates, imports and exports
  • Entertainment Section - contains information about movies, radio, television and other activities
  • Home and Culture Section - budgeting, food preparation, house improvement, proper plant care
  • Society Page - important or well known people
  • Travel and Tourism Section - guide to enjoyable travel. also schedule of the departure and arrival
  • Announcements and Obituary Page - news on the activities of the different religious sects. also list of people who died and the time and place of their burial
• Drama


  A type of narrative that is performed, usually functional and involves actors on stage in front of a live audience. The greek word "drama" means to act, do or perform.
• Playwright


  Author of a drama
• Genre


  French word for "category" or "type", the type of art, literature, or music
• 3 Categories of Drama

  • Comedy
  • Tragedy
  • Tragicomedy
• Tragedy


  Hero/heroine in play goes down in defeat
• Comedy


  Overcomes the dramatic instance and attains their objective
• Spine


  Dramatic obstacle and attainment of the objective
• Protagonist


  Principal character or hero/heroine
• Antagonist


  Primary opponent or villain/villainess
• Closet Drama


  Intended to be presented privately
• Opera


  Involves a stage, lines/dialogues are entirely sung
• Musical Play


  Includes both dialogue and song
• Dance


  Dramatic work which tells a story through music and movement
• 2 Classifications of Drama

  • Poetic Drama
  • Prose Drama
• Different Forms of Drama

  • Bourgeois Drama - popularly known as a serious, but not necessarily tragic play, dealing with the middle or lower class
  • Melodrama - serious play with a trivial theme whose conflict usually between the forces of good and evil
  • Comedy - light amusing play with a happy ending
  • Romantic Comedy - depicts a love affair as its central focus, does not run smoothly but ends well
• Bourgeois


  French term meaning "the owner of a small business, a merchant, a tradesman, or homeowner"
• Melo


  From the musical score of the 19th century
• Factors on how to read & enjoy a dramatic play

  • the Title
  • the Play
  • the People
  • the Context
  • Back to where you started
• The Six Elements of Dramatic Structure

  • Plot
  • Characters
  • Theme
  • Dialogue
  • Music
  • Spectacle
• Plot Structure

  • Exposition
  • Rising Action
  • Climax
  • Falling Action
  • Resolution
• Greek Drama originated as a religious ritual that became formalized and was originated from Ancient Greece where groups of people worshiped Dionysus by singing and dancing
• Parts of a Greek Theatre

  • Orchestra
  • Stage
  • Paradoi
  • Altar
  • Skene
  • Seating
• Theatre


  Requires a separate audience or spectators, and the presentation of a story enacted by actors in front of an audience
• Sophocles was a great Aethenian dramatist and one of the founders of Greek Tragedy
• Sophocles' Best Known Plays

  • Oedipus Rex
  • Oedipus at Colorus
  • Antigone
  • Electra
• Dithyrambs


  Ancient hymns, sung in honor of the God Dionysus, were later adapted for choral processions in which participants would dress up in costumes and masks
• City Dionysia


  A public festival of entertainment
• Thespis, a wandering bard, is considered to be the most remarkable of all the winners of the City Dionysia
• Characters in Oedipus the King

  • Oedipus - "swollen foot"; taken from the house of Laius as a baby and left in the mountains with his feet bound together
  • Jocasta - Oedipus' wife and mother, and Creon's sister
  • Antigone - child of Oedipus and Jocasta
  • Polynices - Oedipus' son, and thus also his brother
  • Ismene - Oedipus' daughter, underscores her sister's grandeur and courage
  • Creon - Oedipus's brother-in-law, claims to have no desire for kingship
  • Eurydice - Creon's wife
  • Haemon - Creon's son, engaged to marry Antigone
  • Tiresias - blind soothsayer of Thebes, tells Oedipus that he is the murderer he hunts
  • Theseus - king of Athens, a renowned and powerful warrior
• shall/will/must/can - complete certainty
• should/ought - probability 
• may/might - possibility/permission
• might not/could - weak possibility