Research

• Quantitative research methods involve collecting and analyzing numerical data, such as surveys, experiments, and statistical analysis.
• Qualitative Research


  Views of participants, asks broad, general questions, collects data largely of words, describes and analyzes these words for themes, and conducts the inquiry in a subjective, biased manner
• Qualitative Research

  Grounded Theory (coding) or Thematic Analysis
• Quantitative Research


  Researcher decides what to study, asks specific, narrow questions, collects numeric data, analyzes these numbers using statistics, and conducts inquiry in an objective, unbiased manner
• Inductive Research


  Synthesize
• Deductive Research


  Analyze
• Ethnography


  • Living with and studying a group of people to understand their culture and way of life
• Phenomenology


  • Understanding how people experience a particular phenomenon or event
• Case Study


  • Studying a person, group, or event
• Grounded Theory


  • Developing a theory based on data, starting with observations and then creating a theory to explain them
• Grounded Theory Approach


  • Uses inductive and deductive approaches
• Historical Research


  • Identifies, evaluates, and synthesizes data from the past
• Historical Research Approach


  • In sequence
• Narrative Research


  • Collecting and analyzing stories to understand people's experiences and perspectives
• Narrative Research

  • Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
• Action Research


  • Involves the researcher to participate in a situation and collects data on it
• Authoritarian- seeking experts or authorities as the producers of knowledge.
• Mystical- seeking prophets, divines, and supernatural beings as sources of knowledge.
• Rationalistic- seeking reason to justify the sources of knowledge (rationalism as a school of thought)
• Tenacity- believing because it is the truth (i.e. “I believe in gravity because it is universally true”)
• Authority- believing because it an authority says so (i.e. “An expert says this, so it must be true”)
• Intuition- believing because it is reasonable (i.e. “It seems right, so it must be true”)
• Science- believing because it has been proven through scientific process (i.e. “Study shows this, so it must be true”)
• Research- suggests an action that denotes “to look for something again”.
• Systematic- organized, logical, and scientific
• Objective- the results and data gathered should be validated and analyzed with no bias.
• Feasible- should affect any field of expertise, directly or indirectly.
• Empirical- should be supported by first- and second-hand sources and pieces of evidence.
• Clear- the variables should be explained through literature review and explanation of theories from which they are based.
• The aim of qualitative analysis is a complete detailed description.
• In quantitative research, we classify features, count them, and construct statistical models to explain what is observed.
• Categorical- variables that come in labels instead of numbers.
• Nominal- categorical variables that doesn’t follow any order.
• Ordinal- categorical variables that follow a particular order.
• Continuous- variables that come in numerical figures.
• Discrete- continuous variables that have no value/meaning for zero (no ‘absolute value’)
• Ratio- continuous variables that have absolute zero.
• Independent- the variable that causes change to the outcome or dependent variable.
• Dependent- the variable that changes depending on the causal or independent variable.
• Control- a special type of independent variable that are measured because it could potentially influence the dependent variable.