LESSON 2

• Prehistoric art


  All art produced in preliterate, prehistorical cultures beginning somewhere in very late geological history, and generally continuing until that culture either develops writing or other methods of record-keeping, or makes significant contact with another culture that has, and that makes some record of major historical events
• - Aurochs on a cave painting in Lascaux, France

   
• 2. Neolithic Period- also known as the "New Stone Age"), the final division of the Stone Age, began about 12,000 years ago when the first development of farming appeared in the Epipalaeolithic Near East, and later in other parts of the world. 
• 2. Neolithic Period- The division lasted until the transitional period of the Chalcolithic from about 6,500 years ago (4500 BC), marked by the development of metallurgy, leading up to the Bronze Age and Iron Age.
• Angono Petroglyph                                                 - In the cave, you will see the different carvings of the tribes settling in this cavern. It is said to be the oldest, known art carvings found in caves in the Philippines. Dated approximately 1000 years B.C. Originally, there were 127 engravings of human and animal figures in stick forms but due to negligence and vandalism of visitors, some rock carvings have disappeared.
•  Angono Petroglyph is a recent archeological breakthrough during the 80’s found in the mountainside of Angono and Binangonan by Carlo “Botong” Francisco. It is a stylized anthropomorphic and zoomorphic forms etched on the rock shelter.
• Burial Jars- The Manunggul Jar is an extraordinary work of art fueled by indigenous spiritual beliefs of life after death. 
• Maitum anthropomorphic burial jars- Discovered in 1991 in Ayub Cave, in Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province in Mindanao, were dated to the Metal Age through radio carbon datintg. 
• 3. Classical Period- Refers to the art of Greece and Rome
• Classical art is the art which is associated with the classical period.
• The most famous works of the Classical period for contemporaries were the colossal Statue of Zeus at Olympia
• Greek arts- began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further developments during the Hellenistic Period).
• Greek art is mainly five forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery and jewelry making.
• Cycladic art-- marble figurines of human figures, usually female, with stylized features and folded arms.
• Roman art includes architecture, painting, sculpture and mosaic work. 
• Colosseum or Coliseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre is an oval amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. Built of travertine, tuff, and brick-faced concrete, it is the largest amphitheatre ever built. 
• 4. Medieval Period- In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
• The Byzantine Empire lasted 1125 years and one of its most important contributions to the modern world is its architecture.
• Romanesque Architecture (semi circular arches)- is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. 
• The Speyer Cathedral-  in Germany, a basilica with four towers, two domes, and a crypt. It is the largest Romanesque church in the world.
• Gothic Architecture (pointed)- is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. 
• Gothic Architecture (pointed)- is a style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. 
• Apse: Semi-circular termination of the main building, or the hemispherical end of the nave.
• 1. Use of the squinch. This is like an arch in every corner of a square base, that transforms it into an octagon, or
  2. Use of the pendentive.
• Renaissance, (French: “Rebirth”) period in European civilization immediately following the Middle Ages and conventionally held to have been characterized by a surge of interest in Classical scholarship and values.
• 5. Baroque Period- The Baroque is a highly ornate and often extravagant style of architecture, art and music that flourished in Europe from the early 17th until the mid-18th century.
• • Baroque style used contrast, movement, exuberant detail, deep colour, grandeur and surprise to achieve a sense of awe.
• Byzantine Architecture (dome)

  ·        also known as the Later Roman or Eastern Roman Empire.
• • Rocaille or Rococo,By the 1730s, it had evolved into an even more flamboyant style, which appeared in France and central Europe until the mid to late 18th century.
• The Speyer Cathedral ,Germany

  a basilica with four towers, two domes, and a crypt. It is the largest Romanesque church in the world.
• The Byzantine Empire lasted 1125 years and one of its most important contributions to the modern world is its architecture.
• This burial jar was discovered on March 1964 in Manunngul Cave in Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan by Victor Decalan, Hans Kasten and several volunteer workers from the United States Peace Corps and archaeologists from the National Museum.
• Manunggul Jar is an extraordinary work of art fueled by indigenous spiritual beliefs of life after death.
• Greek arts

  began in the Cycladic and Minoan civilization, and gave birth to Western classical art in the subsequent Geometric, Archaic and Classical periods (with further developments during the Hellenistic Period).
• Greek arts

  It absorbed influences of Eastern civilizations, of Roman art and its patrons, and the new religion of Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine era and absorbed Italian and European ide during the period of Romanticism (with the invigoration of the Greek Revolution), until the Modernist and Postmodernist.
• Cycladic art - marble figurines of human figures, usually female, with stylized features and folded arms.
• Statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton- set up in Athens to mark the first public monuments to actual people.
• Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jars Some have earrings, long lobes, tattoos, a variety of facial expressions, and a few also have arms, legs, and sexual organs. These different human figures may have been the deceased themselves where their remains were left inside the jar to be guarded. These 27 different jars are intriguing to the eye, a representation of the human spirit even in death. Let their faces watch you.
• Maitum Anthropomorphic Burial Jars Discovered in 1991 in Ayub Cave, in Pinol, Maitum, Sarangani Province in Mindanao, were dated to the Metal Age through radio carbon datintg. The jars are unique in that each one is not the same as another. It signifies that these jars represents different individuals in history as each anthropomorphic pottery jar have individual and distinctive features.
• The Venus of Willendorf is an 11.1-centimetre-tall (4.4 in) Venus figurine estimated to have been made 30,000 BCE. 

  It was found on August 7, 1908 by a workman named Johann Veran or Josef Veram during excavations conducted by archaeologists Josef Szombathy, Hugo Obermaier and Josef Bayer at a paleolithic site near Willendorf, a village in Lower Austrianear the town of Krems.