PR

• HONESTY - data should never be fabricated, falsified or misinterpreted.
• OBJECTIVITY - biases should be avoided
• INTEGRITY - promises and agreements should be kept and all actions should be made with sincere purpose.
• CAREFULNESS - records of research activities should be kept in good order and condition.
• OPENNESS - research data, results, ideas, and resources should be shared with the public.
• RESPECT FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - credit should be given to where it is due.
• CONFIDENTIALITY - confidential communications or documents should be protected.
• RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION - the study should be done with purpose of advancing research and scholarship.
• RESPONSIBLE MENTORING - the research should seek to educate, mentor, and advise students.
• RESPECT FOR COLLEAGUES - all peers should be treated fairly.
• SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY - social responsibility should be promoted and social harm should be avoided.
• NON-DISCRIMINATION - all those eligible to participate in research should be allowed to do so.
• COMPETENCE - professional competence and expertise should be maintained and improved with the research.
• LEGALITY - a researcher should know and obey relevant laws, and institutional and local politics.
• HUMAN SUBJECT PROTECTION - respects for human dignity, privacy and autonomy should be observed.
• ANIMAL CARE - show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research.
• RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION - no person should be force to participate
• INFORMED CONSENT - participants should be informed about the procedures and risks involved in the research.
• RISK OF HARM - participants should be protected from physical, financial or psychological harm.
• CONFIDENTIALITY - participant must be assured that identity and other personal information are kept and shall not he divulged to anyone who is indirectly involved in the stud.
• ANONYMITY - participants must remain anonymous throughout the study even to the researchers themselves.
• Characteristics of a Research Title

  • Informs the reader accurately about the contents of the article.
  • Is simple, direct, clear, brief and attractive.
  • Does not contain abbreviations or jargon
  • Does not contain numerical values
  • It is line with the tenor of the paper
  • It should be self-explanatory
• The title of the research is the research problem or inquiry in capsule form
• Research Title - is a product of real world observations, dilemmas, wide reading, selective viewing, meaningful interactions with significant others, and deep reflections.
• Title - is the gateway to the contents of a scientific article. It is usually the first part of a manuscript that the editors and reviewers read. Based on their understanding of the title, readers decide if the article is relevant to them or not. Similarly, readers who are browsing through a database get to see only the title. The first impression created by the title, help them decide if there is a need to take a detailed look at the article. Hence, authors should take efforts to choose an informative, appropriate and catchy title for their research article.
• Qualitative Research - allows investigators to develop a deeper understanding of a topic that can be obtained through quantitative research alone. Qualitative research methods provide an opportunity for a systematic, in-depth evaluation of a question that may not be easily answered through quantitative methods
• Films, Videos and Photographs - these provide visual records of events, especially the films and videos which capture the perspective of the filmmaker or videographer. Pictures, on the other hand, manifest the intent, interests and values of the photographer.
• Narratology - can be applied to any spoken or written story. Narrative inquiry requires a great deal of sensitivity between participant and researcher. Ideally, a friendly atmosphere pervades during the story telling, retelling and reliving of personal experiences
• Content Analysis – calls for systematic examination of forms of communication to documents patterns objectively- as shown in letters, emails, minutes of meetings, policy statements and a lot more.
• Focus Group Interviewing - involves 7-10, at times 6-8 people, who are unfamiliar with one another and have been selected because they share certain characteristics that are relevant to the research inquiry or problem.
• In-depth Interviewing - resembles conversations, but with pre-determined response categories. A degree of systematization in questioning may be necessary, especially in a multisite case study or when many participants are interviewed. This way, large amounts of data are gathered quickly and immediate follow-up and clarifications are possible.
• Participant Observation - demands immersion in the natural setting of the research participants. This way, the researcher is able to hear, see and experience reality as the research participants perform activities and deal with one another during a period of time.
• Observation - entails the systematic noting or recording of events, behaviors and artifacts (objects) in the social setting chosen for study
• KINDS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

  • Participant Observation
  • Observation
  • In-depth Interviewing
  • Focus Group Interviewing
  • Content Analysis
  • Narratology
  • Films, Videos and Photographs
• SECONDARY SOURCES

  • Journal Articles
  • Textbooks
  • Books that interpret or analyze data
  • Political commentaries
  • Biographies
  • Newspaper editorials / opinion pieces
• Review Articles - These are articles that summarize and evaluate the existing research on a particular topic or research question.
• Secondary Sources - These are sources that provide a summary, analysis, or interpretation of primary sources and are considered to be persuasive. These often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.
• PRIMARY SOURCES

  • Diaries
  • Speeches
  • Manuscripts
  • Interviews
  • Records
  • Eyewitness Accounts
  • Technical Reports
  • Autobiographies
  • Book published at the time
  • Research data
  • Government Documents
• Thesis and Dissertations - These are scholarly works submitted by graduate students in partial fulfillment of their academic degree requirements.
• Conference Proceedings - These are papers presented at academic conferences and symposia that describe original research studies.