ES036A

• Waste


  • Anything that is no longer needed
  • Unwanted or unusable material
  • Any substance which is discarded after using
• Hazardous Waste

  Waste with properties that makes it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment
• Characteristics of Hazardous Waste

  • Corrosivity
  • Reactivity
  • Ignitability
  • Toxicity
• Corrosivity

  Something that can rust
• Reactivity

  Something explosive
• Ignitability

  Something flammable
• Toxicity

  Something poisonous
• Corrosivity

  1. Wastes which have a pH≥2.0 or pH≤12.5

  2. Strong acid – HCl, Muriatic Acid

  3. Strong bases – NaOH, Caustic Soda

  4. Materials, including solids, which are acids or bases, or that produce acidic or alkaline solutions

  5. Liquid waste may also be corrosive if it is able to corrode metal containers, such as storage tanks, drums, and barrels

  6. Spent battery acid is an example
• Reactivity

  1. Wastes that are unstable in normal conditions

  2. Tend to undergo violent chemical change (e.g., explosives, pyrophoric materials, water-reactive substances, or cyanide or sulfide-bearing wastes)

  3. Cause explosions or release toxic fumes, gases, or vapors when heated, compressed, or mixed with water

  4. Examples include lithium-sulfur batteries and unused explosives
• Ignitability


  1. Wastes that can create fires under certain conditions, are spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60 °C

  2. Examples include thinner, spray-paint, oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide)
• Toxicity


  1. Harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed (e.g., containing mercury, lead, etc.)

  2. When toxic wastes are land disposed, contaminated liquid may leach from the waste and pollute ground water

  3. Poisonous materials pose a threat to our groundwater, which can have long term effects to human health and the environment
• Types of Hazardous Waste

  • Designated Waste (Listed Waste)
  • Characteristic Waste

  
• Designated Waste (Listed Waste)


  One that is specifically listed by USEPA as hazardous
• Characteristic Waste


  One that exhibits any one of the characteristics of ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, and toxicity
• Four Categories of Hazardous Waste

  • Listed Wastes
  • Characteristic Wastes
  • Universal Wastes
  • Mixed Wastes

  
• Listed Wastes


  Wastes that EPA has determined are hazardous. The list includes the F-list (wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes), K-list (wastes from specific industries), and P- and U-lists (wastes from commercial chemical products)

  
• Characteristic Wastes


  Wastes that do not meet any of the listings type wastes but that exhibit ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, and toxicity
• Universal Wastes


  Batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g., thermostats) and lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs)
• Mixed Wastes


  Waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous waste components
• Types of Listing Type Wastes

  • F-type Wastes (non-specific wastes)
  • K-list (source-specific wastes)
  • P-type acute hazardous wastes
  • U-Type miscellaneous hazardous wastes

  
• 1. type Wastes (non-specific wastes)


  Wastes from non-specific sources
• 1. list (source-specific wastes)


  Includes certain wastes from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing
• 1. type acute hazardous wastes


  Found to be fatal to humans in low doses, or capable of cause or significantly contributing to an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness
• 1. Type miscellaneous hazardous wastes


  Different variety of waste are listed here, predominantly specific compounds
• Sources of Hazardous Waste


  • Byproducts of industrial, domestic activities
  • Mining sites and mineral processing sites
  • Agricultural facilities and research laboratories
  • All sources that discharge liquid, solid and gas that fit the definition of Hazardous waste can be regarded as hazardous waste
  • Agricultural land and agroindustry
  • Contaminated sites and building materials
• Common hazardous waste


  • Waste oil and fuel
  • Solvents and thinners
  • Toxic and flammable paint wastes
  • Chlorinated solvents, heavy metals
  • Perchlorates and peroxides
  • Radioactive waste, etc.
• Effects of Hazardous Waste


  • Health
  • Environment
• Health effects


  • Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation
  • Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood
  • Low birth weight
  • Cancer
  • Congenital malformations
  • Neurological disease
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites
  • Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury
• Environmental effects


  • Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas
  • Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable
  • Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping
  • Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminate them
• Application of Waste Management Hierarchy

  • Waste Prevention
  • Waste Minimisation
  • Reuse
  • Recycling
  • Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW)
  • Disposal

  
• Waste Prevention


  Also known as source reduction, means using less material to get a job done. Waste prevention methods help create less waste in the first place—before recycling
• Waste Minimisation


  A process of elimination that involves reducing the amount of waste produced in society and helps to eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, supporting the efforts to promote a more sustainable society. Involves redesigning products and/or changing societal patterns, concerning consumption and production, of waste generation, to prevent the creation of waste
• Reuse


  The next best option to reducing solid waste altogether is to reuse as many items as possible. Reuse can mean purchasing non-disposable items or it can mean passing an item along to another person for continued use
• Recycling


  Process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects. It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower greenhouse gas emissions (compared to plastic production, for example). Recycling can prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, thereby reducing energy usage, air pollution (from incineration), and water pollution (from landfilling)
• Waste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW)


  The process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source
• Disposal


  Operation which is not recovery (even where the operation has as a secondary consequence the reclamation of substances or energy (e.g., landfill or incineration)
• Cradle-to-Grave Concept


  The waste is tracked via written records from the time it becomes a waste, and that ownership remains with the generator forever. Used in reference to a firm's perspective on the environmental impact created by their products or activities from the beginning of its life cycle to its end or disposal
• Hazardous Waste Manifest System


  Designed to track hazardous waste from the time it leaves the generator facility where it was produced, until it reaches the off-site waste management facility that will store, treat, or dispose of the hazardous waste. The key component is the Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, a form required by EPA and the Department of Transportation for all generators who transport, or offer for transport, hazardous waste for off-site treatment, recycling, storage, or disposal

  
• RA 6969 (Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990) is an act to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes, providing penalties for violations thereof, and for other purposes. It was enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress, approved on October 26, 1990 by Ramon V. Mitra (Speaker of the House of Representatives), Jovito R. Salonga (President of Senate), and Corazon C. Aquino (President of the Philippines)