homeostasis & response

• contraception are methods used to prevent pregnancy:

  • implants.
  • intrauterine devices (IUDs)
  • injections.
  • oral contraceptive pills (combined pill and progestogen only pill)
  • vaginal rings.
  • barrier methods (external and internal condoms, diaphragms)
  • tubal ligation and vasectomy.
  • emergency contraception.
• type 2 diabetes is a disorder where the body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas
• type 1 diabetes is a disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin which is characterised by uncontrollled high blood glucose levels
• thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that increases the metabolic rate in the body
• the central nervous system is the brain and spinal cord which coordinates the response of the effector
• testosterone is the main male reproductive hormone produced by the testes and it stimulates sperm production
• a target organ is the organ which a hormone acts on to produce an effect
• stimuli is a change in enviroment
• selective reabsorption is reabsorbing certain useful molecules (like glucose, some ions +water) back into the blood after they have been filtered out
• a reflex action is a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus
• receptors are organs or cells that detect stimuli
• oestrogen is the main female reproductive hormone which causes the uterus lining to grow and repair
• negative feedback is when the body responds to a change in the enviroment to bring it back to its orginal state
• luteinising hormone (LH) is a female reproductive hormone that stimulites the release of an egg
• in vitro fertilisation (IVF) is fertilising a womans egg using sperm outside of the body
• Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell organisms to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes
• glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the blood
• a gland is a group of cells that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream
• the follicle stimulating hormone is a female reproductive hormone that causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary
• effectors are muscles or glands which bring about responses which restore optimum levels
• coordination centres are areas of the body like the brain, spinal cord and pancreas that recieve and process information from receptors
• adrenaline is a hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress which increases the heart rate and boost the delivery of blood to the brain and muscles as a part of the fight or flight response
• abstinence is deliberately retaining from having sex
• insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas which reduces blood glucose levels
• glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas which raises blood glucose levels
• negative feedback loops occur when there is a change in the environment causing a deviation from normal conditions, this triggers a response which brings back the original condition
• barrier methods prevent sperm from reaching the egg
• the contraceptive patch is stuck on the skin and is replaced every 7 days. it releases progesterone into the bloodstream which prevents the egg from maturing
• the contraceptive implant is a tiny tube inserted under the skin by a doctor. it slowly releases progesterone
• intrauterine devices are small structure inserted into the uterus. it contains copper and prevents embryo implantation and contains progesterone.
• abtinence is abstaining from intercourse around ovulation or not having sex at all
• surgical methods of preventing pregnancy is when men and women have their ducts cut or tied
• the oral contraceptive releases oestrogen and progesterone which inhibits FSH production so no eggs mature
• the combined pill must be taken daily, if missed then another form of contraception needed to prevent pregnancy
• FSH is a hormone that causes eggs to mature in the ovaries, it also stimulates the ovary to produce oestrogen
• LH is a hormone which triggers the release of an egg (ovulation)
• oestrogen is a hormone which causes the lining of the uterus to develop, it also inhibits the release of FSH and stimulates the release of LH
• progesterone is hormone which maintains the lining of the uterus and inhibits the release of FSH and LH
• if fertilisation does not occur, the levels of progesterone decrease causing menstruation
• if blood glucose levels are above normal the pancreas detects the rise and releases isulin. glucose then moves from blood into cells, glucose is then converted to glycogen and stored in the liver/muscles