Alcohols

• What is the name of the functional group that alcohols contain?

  Hydroxyl
• Alcohols are soluble in water. TRUE or FALSE?

  TRUE
• Compared to alkanes, alcohols are:

  • less volatile
  • higher melting point
  • more soluble in water
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  CnH2n+1OH
• According to IUPAC rules, the names of alcohols end with the suffix - ol
• According to IUPAC rules, the names of alcohols start with the prefix - hydroxy
• Name this compound:

  Butan-1,3-diol

  
• State the intermolecular forces alcohols form:

  • hydrogen bonding
  • London forces
• State the two processes that form alcohols?

  • Fermentation
  • Hydration
• In a hydroxyl group, the oxygen atom is slightly more negative and the hydrogen atom is slightly more positive.
• Alcohols are classified as:

  • primary alcohols
  • secondary alcohols
  • tertiary alcohols
• State the reason why alcohols have a high boiling point?

  Hydrogen bonding
• Explain how the solubility of alcohol depends on the chain length?

  • as the chain length increases
  • the influence of the hydroxyl (OH) group decreases
  • more C-C and C-H bonds - strong (high bond enthalpy) and nonpolar
• Alcohols are classified as primary/secondary/tertiary depending on the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group
• With the exception of Ethanol, all Primary Alcohols will end with 1-ol
• Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary or tertiary depending on...?

  the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group
• What type of alcohol is this?

  Primary

  
• What type of alcohol is this?

  Seondary

  
• What type of alcohol is this?

  Tertiary

  
• What forms when you partially oxidise a primary alcohol?

  Aldehyde and water
• The equation for the Oxidation of an Alcohol uses [O] to represent the Oxidising Agent
• Primary Alcohols can first partially oxidise distilling off to Aldehydes

  And then are re-oxidised fully refluxing to Carboxylic Acids
• What forms when you fully oxidise a primary alcohol?

  Carboxylic acid and water
• State the symbol used to represent oxidising agents.

  [O]
• Secondary alcohols are oxidised under reflux to what?

  Ketones
• Secondary alcohols can be oxidised under reflux to ketones
• Both Aldehydes and Ketones are sometimes referred to as Carbonyls
• What's the prefix for ketones?


  Oxo
• What's the suffix for alcohols?

  ol
• What's the suffix for aldehydes?

  al
• What's the suffix for ketones?

  one
• What's the suffix for carboxylic acids?

  oic acid
• Tertiary Alcohols can't be Oxidised at all.
• State the two processes that form alcohols

  • Fermentation
  • Hydration
• Equation for the production of ethanol by the fermentation of glucose:

  C6H12O6 (aq) → 2 C2H5OH (aq) + 2 CO2 (g)
• Equation for the complete combustion of ethanol:

  C2H5OH (l) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 CO2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)
• A complete combustion reaction is exothermic, releasing a large quantity of energy in the form of heat.

  As the chain length increases in the alcohol, the quantity of heat released per mole increases.
• Since short chain alkanes evaporate easily and need less oxygen ∴ less likely to burn completely.

  They can be produced from agriculture produce as biofuel
• Define Biofuel:

  A renewable fuel made by plants
• Ethanol made from fermentation is often described as being "carbon neutral" as a biofuel.

  What does carbon neutral mean?

  The amount of carbon dioxide released is the same amount absorbed ∴ there is no net release of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere