anatomy

• Anatomy


  Science of the structure and function of the body
• Clinical Anatomy


  Study of macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences
• Approaches of studying Anatomy

  • Regional Anatomy
  • Systemic Anatomy
  • Clinical Anatomy
• Body systems


  • Integumentary system
  • Skeletal system
  • Muscular system
  • Nervous system
  • Endocrine system
  • Cardiovascular system
  • Lymphatic system
  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Urinary system
  • Reproductive system
• Integumentary System


  • Protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some waste, makes Vitamin D, Sensation (location of body sensory receptors = pain, pressure..etc), stores fat, Contain Sweat and oil glands
• Muscular System


  • Manipulation of environment, Body movements (locomotion), posture, heat production
• Nervous System


  • Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities, internal and external environmental detection, interprets changes, responds by muscular contractions or glandular secretions
• Endocrine System


  • Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland to tissue or target organ)
• Cardiovascular System


  • Heart pumps blood through the blood vessels, blood carries O2 and nutrients to cells and CO2 waste away from cells, helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; components of blood helps fight against disease and repair blood vessels
• Lymphatic System and Immunity

  • Returns proteins and fluids to blood, carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B Cells and T Cells that protects against disease-causing microbes, Disposes debris in the lymphatic stream
• Respiratory System


  • transfers O2 into blood and CO2 out of blood, Regulates acid-base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
• Digestive System


  • physical & chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates solid wastes
• Urinary System


  • Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, acid-base balance and electrolytes balance, maintains mineral balance, regulate production of red blood cells
• Reproductive System


  • Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that combine to produce new organism, gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, transport and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk
• Skeletal System


  • Supports and protects body, provides surface area for muscle attachment, aids body movement, houses cells that produce blood cells, stores minerals
• Types of Bones


  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
  • Sesamoid
• Anatomical Position


  Erect standing, Facing forward, The feet together, The arms to the side, The Palms of hands directed forward, The Soles of the feet on ground, The head and eyes facing forwards
• Planes


  • Median Plane
  • Sagittal plane
  • Frontal (coronal) plane
  • Transverse (cross-sectional, Horizontal) plane
  • Oblique plane
• Terms Related to Position

  • Anterior (ventral)
  • Posterior (dorsal)
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Superior = Cranial = Cephalic
  • Inferior = caudal
  • Proximal and distal
  • Ipsilateral
  • Contralateral
  • Superficial and deep (profunda)
  • Internal and External
  • Afferent
  • Efferent
  • Supine
  • Prone position
• Types of Joints


  • Fibrous Joints
  • Cartilaginous Joints
  • Synovial Joints
• Fibrous Joints


  • Sutures, Gomphoses, Syndesmosis
• Cartilaginous Joints


  • Synchrondosis, Symphysis
• Fibrous Joints


  Nonmoving joints that connect bones of the skull, have serrated edges that lock together with fibers of connective tissue
• Sutures


  Fibrous joints that connect bones of the skull
• Gomphoses


  Fibrous articulations between the teeth and the mandible or maxilla, also immovable
• Syndesmosis


  A joint in which a ligament connects two bones, allowing for a little movement (amphiarthroses)
• Syndesmosis


  • The distal joint between the tibia and fibula
• Between the articulations of fibrous joints is thick connective tissue, which is why most (but not all) fibrous joints are immovable (synarthroses)
• Types of fibrous joints

  • Sutures
  • Gomphoses
  • Syndesmosis
• Cartilaginous Joints


  Joints that unite bones with cartilage
• Synchrondosis


  An immovable cartilaginous joint, e.g. the joint between the first pair of ribs and the sternum
• Symphysis


  A cartilaginous joint consisting of a compressable fibrocartilaginous pad that connects two bones, allowing for some movement, e.g. the hip bones connected by the pubic symphysis, and the vertebrae connected by intervertebral discs
• Synovial Joints


  Characterized by the presence of an articular capsule between the two joined bones, with bone surfaces protected by a coating of articular cartilage, often supported and reinforced by surrounding ligaments
• Types of Synovial Joints

  • Gliding joints
  • Hinge joints
  • Pivot joint
  • Condyloid joint
  • Saddle joint
  • Ball-and-socket joint
• Gliding Joints


  Move against each other on a single plane, e.g. the intervertebral joints and the bones of the wrists and ankles
• Hinge Joints


  Move on just one axis, allowing for flexion and extension, e.g. the elbow and finger joints
• Pivot Joint


  Provides rotation, e.g. the atlas and axis at the top of the spine
• Condyloid Joint


  Allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension, e.g. the wrist joint between the radius and the carpal bones
• Saddle Joint


  Allows for flexion, extension, and other movements, but no rotation, e.g. the thumb's saddle joint (between the first metacarpal and the trapezium)
• Ball-and-Socket Joint


  A freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis, e.g. the hip and shoulder joints