Diseases

• Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
• Communicable disease are ones which can spread
• Both plants and animals can be infected by pathogens
• Pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi
• Bacteria are very small living cells
• Bacteria can reproduce rapidly
• Bacteria make you feel ill by releasing toxins that damage your cells and tissues
• Viruses are not cells and much smaller than bacteria
• Viruses can reproduce rapidly like bacteria
• Viruses live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells' machinery to produce lots of copies of themselves
• Cells that have been hijacked usually burst releasing all the new made viruses
• The cell damage that viruses cause is what you makes you feel ill
• Protists are single celled eukaryotes, some are parasites which live on or inside another organism and cause them damage
• Protists are often transferred by a vector which just carries the disease but doesn't actually get it like an insect (mosquitoes which carry malaria)
• Some fungi are singular celled others have bodies made up of hyphae which can grow and penetrate human skin and surface of plants causing disease
• Hyphae can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals
• Hyphae is thread like structures
• Pathogens can be spread in different ways for example, air, water, direct contact
• Viral diseases include measles, TMV, rose black spot and HIV
• Measles is spread by droplets from a persons sneeze or cough
• Measles causes person to develop a red skin rash and they show signs of a fever
• Measles can be very serious sometimes even fatal as they could lead to inflammation of the brain or pneumonia
• Most people get vaccinated against measles when they're young
• MMR stands for measles, mumps and rubella
• There's no treatment for measles just getting more comfortable with rest and drinking lots of water
• The bacterial diseases i need to know are

  salmonella, gonnorrhoea, e.coli, tetanus, tuberculosis
• viral diseases i need to know are

  TMV, ebola, HIV and measles
• the spread of disease can be reduced and prevented by being hygienic, destroying vectors(insecticides), isolation, vaccination
• The body has a first and second line of defence against pathogens.
• The skin acts as a barrier to pathogens and it also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
• Hairs and mucous in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
• The trachea and bronchi secrete mucous to trap pathogens
• Trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia which are hair like structures which waft the mucous up to the back of the throat to be swallowed
• the stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that get past the mouth
• The first lines of defence are the stomach, skin, cilia, mucous and nose hairs
• the second line of defence is your immune system which can attack pathogens
• white blood cells either engulf pathogens, produce antibodies or produce antitoxins
• Phagocytosis is the process of engulfing pathogens
• when white blood cell finds a foreign antigen they start producing antibodies (proteins) to lock onto invading cells so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells
• Antibodies produced are specific to the antigen and won't lock onto any others