Language, Culture, Society

• World Englishes refers to the varieties of English from the different regions of the world
• World Englishes is a term referring to the emerging Englishes which are products of influences by the United Kingdom or the United states
• Globalization


  • Important factor in the spread of English
• Factors that cause language to spread

  • Demographical
  • Economic
  • Cultural
  • Imperia
• Nativization Continuum of World Englishes (NCWEs)

  1. Diffusion

  2. Induction

  3. Customization

  4. Native Recognition
• Language develops to fulfill the needs of the societies that use them
• Ways English can differ

  • Pronunciation
  • Spelling
  • Vocabulary
• Kachru's Concentric Circle


  A model to illustrate the spread of English all over the world
• Kachru's Concentric Circles


  • Inner Circle (ENL)
  • Outer Circle (ESL)
  • Expanding Circle (EFL)
• Inner Circle (ENL)


  • The parent countries of English
  • Colonizing nations in history
  • Native speaker
• Outer Circle (ESL)


  • The territories colonized by the parent countries of English
  • English is considered to be a second non-native language
  • English is used in education, law, and government transactions
• Expanding Circle (EFL)


  • Considers English as a foreign language
  • Countries where English has no historical or governmental roles
  • English is used for very limited transactions and for international communications only
• Range


  Refers to the totality of functions which English has acquired as it spreads around the globe
• Depth


  Refers to the amount of societal penetration English has achieved
• Parameters of the power of the English language

  • Demographical and numerical
  • Functional
  • Attitudinal
  • Accessibility
  • Pluricentricity
  • Material
• The power of English

  • A Language Of Opportunity
  • A Bridge Across Cultures
  • Innovation and Knowledge Sharing
  • Adapting to Change
  • English and Business
  • The Role of English in Education
  • Personal and Professional Growth
• Philippine English is a variety of English language
• Philippine English is one of the very few American-transplanted Englishes
• Filipinos were first introduced to English when the British invaded and occupied Manila and Cavite in 1762
• Philippine English is one of the very few American-transplanted Englishes. The language was introduced in the country by American colonization that started in 1898
• Around 42 million or 70% of the Philippines' population used English as their second language
• A century after the introduction of English to the Philippines, the language started to take on new features, among them grammatical deviations
• Official Languages of the Philippines

  • Tagalog & Filipino
  • American English
• Code-switching


  Switching from one language to another
• Varieties of Philippine English

  • Taglish
  • Conyo English
  • Bislish
• Multilingualism


  Ability of a speaker to speak effectively in multiple languages
• Types of Multilingualism


  • Maximal Multilingual
  • Minimal Multilingual
• Causes of Multilingualism


  • Globalization
  • Cultural Exchanges
  • Migration
  • Intermarriage
• Non-Human Communication is anything non-human communicates without the use of words
• Different Forms of Animal Communication

  • Auditory Communication
  • Visual Communication
  • Tactile Communication
  • Chemical Communication
• The Lana Project was a significant study in the field of animal cognition and communication, focusing on a female chimpanzee's ability to use a keyboard for symbolic communication
• The Washoe Project was a groundbreaking research initiative that aimed to teach American Sign Language (ASL) to a female chimpanzee named Washoe
• The Koko Project was a significant research initiative that aimed to teach American Sign Language (ASL) to a female gorilla named Koko
• Features Of Human Language By Hockett


  • Vocal-Auditory Channel
  • Broadcast Transmission and Directional Reception
  • Rapid Fading
  • Interchangeability
  • Total Feedback
  • Specialization
  • Semanticity
  • Arbitrariness
  • Discreteness
  • Displacement
  • Productivity
  • Traditional Transmission
  • The Duality of Patterning
• Halliday's Language Functions


  • Instrumental
  • Regulatory
  • Interactional
  • Personal
  • Heuristic
  • Imaginative
  • Representational