chapter 11

• Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell, so it can form four covalent bonds and bond to other carbons to form long chain
• a saturated hydrocarbon has only single bonds, whereas an unsaturated hydrocarbon has double/triple bonds
• a homologous series is a family of compounds that have the same functional group and similar chemical properties, but differ by the addition of a ch2 group
• a functional group is the part of a molecule that is responsible for the molecules chemical properties
• aliphatic compounds are joined in unbranched straight chains. alicyclic compounds are joined to each other in a ring, and aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring
• meth

  eth

  prop

  but

  pent

  hex

  hept

  oct

  non

  dec
• alkene c=c

  alcohol -oh

  haloalkane -cl -br -I

  aldehyde -CHO

  ketone c=o

  carboxylic acid -cooh

  ester -coo

  acyl chloride -cocl

  amine -nh2

  nitrile -cn
• structural isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
• homolytic fission is when a covalent bond is broken and each bonding atom takes one electron to form two radicals
• a radical is a reactive atom with one unpaired electron
• heterolytic fission is when a covalent bond breaks and the electron pair is given to only one of the bonding atoms
• curly arrows show the movement of an electron pair
• an addition reaction is when two reactants join together to form one product
• a substitution reaction is when an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group
• an elimination reaction is when the product involves the removal of a small molecule from the reactants