Enlgish language

• syntax includes sentence types, sentence structure, clauses, basic functions and phrases
• sentence types are what?

  imperative, exclamative, declarative and interrogative
• what is a subordinating conjuction?

  A subordinating conjunction is a word that connects a dependent clause to an independent clause.
• what do you associate with subordinating and coordinating?

  sub for substitute

  coordinate for leader / organiser
• how to differentiate between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions?

  coordinating includes FANBOYS and both ends of the sentence should balance out, both ends of the sentence can stand alone. subordinating don't balance on both sides and can't be swapped, one part of the sentence can't stand alone
• what is phonetics?

  the phonetic alphabet and it has voiced and unvoiced letters and monothongs and diphthongs and vowels and consonants
• subordinating conjunctions make a sentence complex, coordinating conjunctions make a sentence compound
• what is a subordinating conjunction?

  a word that connects a dependent clause to an independent clause
• what are lexemes?

  another word for 'words'
• what are the morphemes?


  Free morphemes, bound morphemes, root/ stem morphemes, affixes
• in bound morphemes there are inflectional and derivational
• how to recognise a derivational morphemes?

  changes the word class or meaning, can be prefixes or suffixes
• how to recognise an inflectional morpheme?

  changes tense, number, or degree (happy, happier, happiest)
• what are the prosodic features?

  tempo, stress, pitch, volume, intonation
• what is intonation?

  it involves pitch, stress and volume
• what is pitch?

  can change from high to low as we utter the phonemes of individual words
• what are modal verbs?

  they carry information to do with notions such as ability, permission, likely hood and obligation, it is the potential of a verb, its a helping verb like auxiliary
• what are the modal verbs?

  can, could, should, shall, will, would, may, might, must
• what are the word classes?

  Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, interjection, determiner
• what are verbs?

  they denote actions
• what are nouns, pronouns, abstract nouns and proper nouns?

  nouns denote any person, place, animal, thing, idea or concept

  pronouns are possessive (he, her, she, him, I, you)

  abstract nouns are intangible things like feelings, emotions, ideas and concepts

  proper nouns are people or places, they start with a capital letter
• what are adjectives?

  they describe nouns
• what clauses are there?

  independent and dependent clauses
• what are independent clauses?

  clauses that can stand on their own and sound like sentences
• what are dependent clauses?

  clauses that can't stand on their own
• what is a complement?

  anything after the verb to finish the sentence
• what are direct objects?

  direct objects are the person or thing involved in the action eg. last weekend our school hosted tours
• what are indirect objects?

  indirect objects are affected by the action, but not directly involved with the actions of the subject eg. felicity laughed uncontrollably
• things related to times are usually adverbs and not prepositions
• independent and main clauses are the same thing and dependent and subordinate are the same thing
• what are all the sentence structures?

  simple, compound, complex, compound-complex, ellipsis and fragment
• an independent clause can be a simple sentence or a compound sentence and independent clauses can be split by a dependent clause
• what is ellipsis?

  when we omit words or phrases that aren't required to convey meaning and express a complete thought, its used to remove something from a sentence because its already been said, its not the "..." its not used as a continuation of thought
• simple sentences contain one independent clause and can function independently as a sentence
• what are the stages of language acquisition?

  preverbal (0-6 months), babbling (6-12 months), holophrastic (12-18 months), two word (18-24 months), telegraphic (24 months), multi word (30 months+)
• what does preverbal stage consist of?


  paralinguistic communication (eye contact, body language), biological noises, cooing and laughing
• what does babbling consist of?


  learning to use muscles, experimentation of sounds and consonants, also known as vocal play
• what does holophrastic consist of?

  singular, everyday words and all word classes in simple form, includes gestures to further communicate meaning
• what does two words consist of?

  two word utterances, often noun-noun or noun-verb, no function words or morphology rules
• what does telegraphic utterance consist of?

  aka word spurt or naming explosion, lack smaller grammatical units and often highly abbreviated