key ideas

• What is socialism opposed to?

  Capitalism
• What does socialism advocate for in society?

  A more humane society based on collectivism
• What is the core belief of collectivism in socialism?

  Human goals are best achieved collectively
• What moral rationale does socialism promote?

  Social unity and community over self-interest
• How does socialism view human nature?

  Humans are social beings thriving in groups
• What do Marxists advocate for in terms of state planning?

  Extensive state planning and nationalisation
• What do moderate socialists support?

  A mixed economy with welfare policies
• What are some criticisms of socialism?

  Can suppress individuality and lead to excessive state power
• What has contributed to the decline of socialism since the 1970s?

  Economic crises and the USSR collapse
• What is the view of human nature in the principle of common humanity?

  Humans are naturally cooperative and empathetic
• What moral incentive drives people according to socialism?

  Desire to help others and improve society
• How does cooperation impact productivity in socialism?

  Increases productivity and social cohesion
• What role does the state play in socialism?

  Intervenes to promote cooperation and welfare
• What is the foundational value of socialism?

  Social and economic equality
• How is inequality viewed in socialism?

  As a result of unjust social structures
• What are the types of equality in socialism?

  • Equality of outcome: Fair rewards; supported by social democrats
  • Equality of opportunity: Equal chances; supported by Third Way, rejected by Marxists
  • Absolute equality: Everyone receives the same; backed by Marxists
  • Equality of welfare: Safety net for all; supported by reformists, not Marxists
• How does equality promote social harmony in socialism?

  Through collectivism and shared identity
• How is equality achieved in socialism?

  Through redistribution and state welfare
• What is the significance of social class in socialism?

  Central to understanding social divisions and change
• What does Marxism emphasize about class struggle?

  Leads to revolution and a classless society
• How does social democracy view class?

  A broader understanding of income and status
• What has weakened the link between class and socialism?

  Deindustrialisation and union decline
• What does common ownership mean in socialism?

  Wealth belongs to the community, not individuals
• What is the purpose of common ownership?

  Prevents inequality and exploitation
• How do Marxists view private property?

  Advocate for its abolition and full state control
• What do social democrats advocate regarding nationalisation?

  Partial nationalisation of industries
• What recent trend has emerged regarding nationalisation in socialism?

  Decline in emphasis on nationalisation
• What is workers' control in socialism?

  Workers manage or co-own production
• What forms can workers' control take?

  Full ownership or partial decision-making
• What do some socialists prefer regarding control over production?

  Direct, decentralised control over bureaucracy
• What are the common goals of Marxists, social democrats, and Third Way thinkers?

  • Belief in collectivism
  • Shared humanity
  • Equality
  • Social class as a force for change
• How do Marxists, social democrats, and Third Way thinkers differ in their methods?

  Regarding state intervention and ownership approaches