reviewer

• System


  A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole
• Engineered System


  A specialization of system which fulfills the basic properties of all systems, but which is explicitly man-made, contains technology, exists for a purpose and is engineered through a series of managed life cycle activities to make it better able to achieve that purpose
• Systems Engineering


  An interdisciplinary, collaborative approach to the engineering of systems which aims to capture stakeholder needs and objectives and to transform these into a description of a holistic, life-cycle balanced system solution which both satisfies the minimum requirements and optimizes overall project and system effectiveness according to the values of the stakeholders
• Systems Engineer


  They help ensure the elements of the system fit together to accomplish the objectives of the whole, and ultimately satisfy the needs of the customers and other stakeholders who will acquire and use the system
• Complexity


  The degree to which a system's design or code is difficult to understand because of numerous components or relationships among components
• Emergence


  The principle that whole entities exhibit properties which are meaningful only when attributed to the whole, not to its parts
• Elements of a System

  • Components
  • Attributes
  • Relationships
• Components


  The operating parts of the systems containing input, process, and output
• Attributes


  Properties (characteristic, configuration, qualities, powers, constraints, and state) of the components and of the system as a whole
• Relationship


  The result of engineering the attributes of both components so that the pair operates together effectively in contributing to the system's purpose
• Systems Components


  • Structural Components
  • Operating Components
  • Flow Components
• Data


  Always start using data or information
• Advantages of Concurrent Engineering

  • This model is applicable to all types of software development processes
  • It is easy to understand and use
  • It gives immediate feedback from testing
  • Provides an accurate feature of the current state of a project
• Advantage of Waterfall Process Model


  • This model is simple and easy to understand and use
  • It is easy to manage due to its phase has specific deliverables and review process
  • Waterfall model works well for smaller projects where requirements are clearly defined and very well understood
• Disadvantage of Waterfall Process Model


  • No working software is produced until late during the life cycle
  • Poor model for long and ongoing projects
  • High amounts of risks and uncertainty
  • It's not a good model for complex and object oriented projects
• Requirements Analysis


  Collects the information, help of SRS, CRS, BRS software, customer, business requirements specifications
• Feasibility Study


  High level people analyze whether the project is doable or not, considers economic, operation, technical, schedule
• Specification


  Architecture of the project, uses HLD (flowchart, decision tree), LLD (Components), high and low level design
• Implementation


  Coding, uses program language such as Java, Python
• Design


  Function, according to the requirements of customers or clients
• Installation


  If the system is bug free or virus free
• Test


  Error correction, enhancement of capabilities, optimization
• Maintenance


  Error correction, enhancement of capabilities, optimization
• Waterfall Process Model


  • Requirements Analysis
  • Specification
  • Design
  • Test
  • Maintenance
• Advantages of Spiral Model

  • It provides continuous and repeated development which helps in risk management
  • It provides the past development and the futures are added in a systematic manner
  • Clients get the opportunity to see the software or products after every cycle
  • It is the most preferable model for large and complex projects or software
• Disadvantages of Spiral Model

  • Spiral models are expensive due to the high level of expertise required for risk analysis
  • The spiral model is not suited for small projects
  • The overall success of the project depends on the risk analysis phase
• Advantages of VEE Model

  • It is simple and easy to understand and execute
  • Provide structured way of doing things
  • Works well with the small projects
  • Emphasize planning for verification and validation of the product in early stage of the development
• Disadvantages of VEE Model

  • Not change friendly
  • Poor resources allocations
  • Not suitable for complex and object oriented projects
  • Need crystal clear requirements
• System relationships


  • first order relationship
  • second-order relationships
  • redundancy
• first-order relationship


  An example is symbiosis, called synergistic, are those that are complementary and add to system performance
• second-order relationship


  Exists when duplicate components are present for the purpose of assuring continuation of the system function in case of component failure
• redundancy


  Static parts
• subsystem


  A lower system, if two hierarchical levels are involved in a given system
• Operating Components


  • environment
  • inputs
  • outputs
  • throughput
• environment


  Everything that remains outside the boundary of a system
• input


  Materials, energy, information that often pass through the boundaries
• output


  Materials, energy, information that pass from the system to the environment
• throughput


  Materials, energy, or information being altered
• FUNCTION


  Purposeful action performed by a system
• constraints


  Limits an operation of a system and define the boundary within which it is intended to operate