2.1. Migration

• Migration is the act, process, or an instance of moving from one country, place or locality to another.
• Types of migration: International and Domestic Migration
• International migration is when people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work. Most global migration is from developing countries to developed ones.
• Domestic migration is a movement within a particular country.
• Categories of Migrants: Vagabonds and Tourists
• Vagabonds are people who move because they "have to/need to"
• Reasons behind Vagabonds: Refugees and Labor Migrants.
• Refugees are people who move to another country because of safety concerns.
• Labor migrants are people who move to another country to work
• Tourists


  They move because they "want to"
• Reasons for migration: Push Factors, Pull Factors, and Network Factors
• Push Factors are factors where people to leave their home. Occur within the sending countries, usually negative aspects of the sending countries.
• Lack of jobs in a country of origin, poverty, economic depression, war, famine, political persecution, etc., are examples of Push Factors
• Pull Factors are factors that attract people to move to a new location. Occur within receiving countries (i.e. countries people come to), usually positive opportunities.
• Work opportunities abroad, favorable migration policy, good benefits and high compensation, similarity of culture and language in the country of destination, etc., are examples of Pull Factors
• Refugees become asylum seekers, they seek to remain in the country to which they flee to
• Environmental refugees are forced to leave their habitat temporarily or permanently due to environmental disasters
• Network Factors that either facilitate or deter migration; not related to specific country but still have profound effect on international migration
• Cost of travel, ease of communication, international business trends, free flow of information, faster and lower cost transportation Social networks (e.g. family and personal ties) are examples of Network Factors.
• Labor migration may be characterized by legal and illegal migration
• Illegal migration increases job competition in the receiving country: influx of migrants can lead to conflicts with local residents in terms of job availability
• Authors believe that there are negative impacts when a country tightens border controls: leads to illegal migrants adopting more dangerous ways to enter a country; illegal migrants who would leave the country would be "locked in" the country
• Dirty Jobs are low-pay, physically-demanding jobs locals are not performing
• Philippines is one of the leaders when it comes to flow of remittances with $14.7B