2.2. Demography and Population

• Demography a statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density
• Birth rate a frequency of live births in a given population
• Birth rate is calculated as the annual number of live births per 1,000 inhabitants (live births per 1000 people)
• Fertility rate is an average number of children born to women during their reproductive years (children per woman
• Mortality/Death rate is a frequency of death in a population (deaths per 1000 people)
• Philippine Population: 119.3 million Filipinos as of 2019
• Dependency ratio is the ratio of the number of dependents (aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65) to the total population (aged 15 to 64)
• Dependency ratio gives insight into the number of people of nonworking age compared to the number of those of working age
• In 1300s, there was a slight decrease in population due to Black Death(Plague) Europe that killed millions of people.
• Major factors affecting population: Birth, Death, and Migration
• Birth is a chief natural factor that generally results in an increase in population
• Factors affecting birth: Education/Literacy, Economic Status, and Culture
• Education/Literacy helps change the thought, opinion and thinking of a person; gives us knowledge about family planning, birth control and safe sex methods
• Poverty makes people think that their children are the only source of income for them; they bear the children
• Unemployment leads people to engage in sexual activities to pass the time they could have used for working
• Agriculture occupation perceive that children as additional labor to family
• Financial instability/stability


  Some prefer to have financial stability before having children
• Financial Stability


  • Situation: A status where Japanese males are rejected when they don't have stable jobs
• Standard of living in a country makes it easy/difficult for people to have family
• Culture


  Aspects in our culture affect the population
• Joint family system, like in India, they rely to other family members to raise the child
• Catholicism


  Is against use of contraceptives & abortion
• Hinduism


  Prefers male child because he can perform rituals
• Sex Discrimination


  Discourages Japanese women to have a child because they are expected to stay at home and raise their children; Chinese prefer male child to carry on the family name
• Media


  TV shows, movies, music and TV broadcast influence us
• Lack of entertainment activities


  They may engage in sexual activities to pass the time or when they couldn't afford these entertainment
• Government policies & programs -China imposed one-child & two-child policies; Japan has free child care program to encourage having kids
• Science and technology


  Improvement in fertility control methods, sterilization, etc.
• Historical events


  Baby boom after World War II; industrialization
• Death


  Another chief natural factor that generally results to decreases in population
• Diseases -Lifestyle diseases (e.g. cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, cancer, diabetes, etc.) Communicable diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.)
• Natural and man-made disasters


  Typhoons, earthquakes, war, vehicular accidents, etc.
• Environmental degradation -is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil (e.g. sanitation, pollution )
• Natural death or aging occurs from natural causes, as disease or old age, rather than from violence or an accident
• Aging population is the proportion of people aged 65 years and above is increasing at a faster rate than those below that age
• Lack of food or nutritious food causes malnourishment and hygiene.
• Illiteracy is the lack of proper knowledge of child care leads to infant and child mortality rate
• Migration


  Considered as unnatural element of population change