cell-microscope

• Cell


  The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism, typically microscopic and consisting of cytoplasm and a nucleus enclosed in a membrane
• Examples of cells


  • Red blood cells
  • Bacteria
  • Nerve cell
  • Fat cell
  • Skeletal muscle cell
  • Smooth muscle cell
  • Columnar epithelial cells
  • Algae
  • Skin cells
• The smallest cell is the Mycoplasma gallicepticum, a disease-causing bacteria in birds. It can be as small as 0.3 nanometers
• The largest cell is the ostrich's egg, which can reach up to 6 inches in diameter
• Cells were first recorded by Robert Hooke


  Around 1665
• Hooke's most commemorative work

  • Came from a thin slice of cork from a bark of an oak tree
• Cellulae


  Honeycomb-like or room-like structures which Hooke saw and called, reminding him of the empty barren of a monastery
• Hooke was the first to be credited in publishing of seeing a cell, but he cannot fully define what he saw
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch naturalist was the first to be credited on studying magnified cells
• Animalcules


  Little animals, what Leeuwenhoek called the moving microscopic things he observed in pond water
• Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells
• German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden focused his interests in the study of plants


  1838
• German physiologist Theodore Schwann examined animal cells


  1839
• Schleiden and Schwann confirmed that cells are the fundamental units of life and that the bodies of living organisms are made up of cells
• German physician Rudolf Carl Virchow proposed that all cells come from cells through the process of cell division


  1858
• Cell theory tenets


  • A living organism can be made of just one cell (like an amoeba) or trillions (like the human body)
  • Cells are the smallest and basic units of structure and function in organisms
  • Cells arise only from previously existing cells
• Micrograph


  An image produced by a microscope
• Magnification


  The measure of optical instruments for an object to appear larger that its actual size
• Resolution


  Indicates clarity of an image
• Compound Microscope


  • Light or optical microscopes use optical lenses and a light source to magnify small specimens
• Parts of a Compound Microscope

  • Eyepiece (ocular lens) with or without Pointer
  • Arm
  • Nosepiece
  • Base
  • Objective lenses
  • Specimen or slide
  • Stage or Platform
  • Stage clips or mechanical stage
  • Aperture - Disc or Iris Diaphragm
  • Coarse and fine adjustment controls
  • Mirror
  • Illumination
• Electron Microscope


  • Uses streams of electrons to enlarge objects up to 10,000,000 x
• Confocal Scanning Microscope


  • Used to examine the three-dimensional structure of a cell/organelle without cutting the specimen into sections